Abstract
The orchid family (Orchidaceae) represents the second largest angiosperm family, having over 900 genera and 27,000 species in almost all over the world. Orchids have evolved a myriad of intriguing ways in order to survive extreme weather conditions, acquire nutrients, and attract pollinators for reproduction. The family of MADS-box transcriptional factors have been shown to be involved in the control of many developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses in eukaryotes. Several findings in different orchid species have elucidated that MADS-box genes play critical roles in the orchid growth and development. An in-depth understanding of their ecological adaptation will help to generate more interest among breeders and produce novel varieties for the floriculture industry. In this review, we summarize recent findings of MADS-box transcription factors in regulating various growth and developmental processes in orchids, in particular, the floral transition and floral patterning. We further discuss the prospects for the future directions in light of new genome resources and gene editing technologies that could be applied in orchid research and breeding.
Highlights
The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is currently the second largest angiosperm family, having over 900 genera and 27,000 species in almost all parts of the world except Antarctica
The unraveled molecular mechanisms underlying orchid flowering and floral development can be applied to both classical orchid breeding and targeted manipulation of orchids for desired flowering traits and floral patterns
Orchids have many MADS-box genes, for example, 51 in P. equestris and 63 in Dendrobium catenatum (Cai et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2016), only several of the MADSbox genes have been characterized, and most of them are shown be involved in orchid flowering or floral development
Summary
The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is currently the second largest angiosperm family, having over 900 genera and 27,000 species in almost all parts of the world except Antarctica. In the orchid Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile, the expression of the SOC1 ortholog DOSOC1 is highly detected in reproductive organs, such as inflorescence apex, pedicel, floral buds and open flowers (Ding et al, 2013). Overexpression of AP1 orthologs, such as OMADS10 from Oncidium Gower Ramsey and DOAP1 from Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile, causes early flowering as well as conversion of inflorescence meristems to determinate floral meristems in Arabidopsis (Chang et al, 2009; Sawettalake et al, 2017).
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