Displaying Tools. On the Named Artists Depicted with a Palette

Background Paediatric oncology palliative care in the community is rare and nationally there is a lack of standardisation of out of hours nursing service provision. Objectives This paper seeks to explore influences on the experiences of paediatric nurses providing out of hours palliative care within the family home to children with cancer. The study used social worlds theory to aid identification and demonstration of the findings. Methods Twelve community-based palliative cases were purposively selected from children with cancer treated at one regional centre. Tape-recorded interviews were undertaken with 54 health professionals (general practitioners, community nurses and allied health professionals) involved in providing their palliative care and five facilitated case discussions completed. Data analysis followed a grounded theory approach; chronological comparative data analysis identifying generated themes. Social worlds theory was used as a framework to examine the data. Results Nurses’ experiences are shaped by their social world and those of the nursing team, child and family and the inter-professional team providing the care. The lack of a formalised service, sub-optimal inter-professional working and impact of social worlds influence the experience of the nurse. Conclusions Social worlds theory provided a new perspective in understanding these experiences based within a paediatric palliative care setting, knowledge that can be used to inform service provision.

More and more urban studies researchers and students are using images. This choice often stems from the need to illustrate, analyse and understand territories and urban phenomena. This contribution seeks to demonstrate, on the basis of examples drawn from scientific productions in Greater Lomé, how the photographic approach makes it possible to apprehend the urban phenomenon. Three forms of image use can be identified in the documents consulted. On the one hand, images are a source of data to support information received through observation. On the other hand, photography is a technique for collecting metadata which, when triangulated with several sources, enables a query to be answered. Finally, the diachronic and chronological analysis of images of a social reality enables us to detect the visible and the invisible in order to take a critical look at the social world and the dynamics of social relationships.

The scheduling of satellite's constellation mode-based imaging for area target is studied in the present paper. On the basis of the properties of area target imaging, a submission model dividing the mission into a five-element set with time window and observing angle as its identification is employed. By applying the methodology of dynamic partitioning, the area target is partitioned into candidate submissions which are for multi-satellites' cooperative imaging with different observing angles respectively. In the aim of attaining the most effective imaging for satellite during the limited time window, the coverage rate for target is selected as the optimization goal. Therefore the best observing angles that satellites take in the limited time window are acquired. Finally, combined with engineering application, an example of the area target scheduling mission based on a two-satellite constellation on ultra-low orbit is taken and the final result proves the efficiency of the approach put forward in this paper.

The serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus in the CNS are involved in fear, anxiety and depression. Depression and anxiety occur quite frequently in postmenopausal women, but estrogen replacement to correct these CNS disorders is at present not favored because estrogen carries with it an increased risk for breast cancer. Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in the DR are targets of pharmaceuticals in the treatment of depression. In the present study we have examined by immunohistochemistry, the expression of two nuclear receptors, that is, the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. We found that ERβ but not ERα is strongly expressed in the DR and there is no sex difference and no change with ageing in the number of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-positive neurons in the DR of wild-type (WT) mice. However, in ovariectomized (OVX) WT and in ERβ(-/-) mice, there was a marked reduction in the number of TPH-positive normal-looking neurons and a marked increase in TPH-positive spindle-shaped cells. These neuronal changes were prevented in mice 1-3 weeks (but not 10 weeks) after OVX by the selective ERβ agonist, LY3201, given as continuous release pellets for 3 days. The ERβ agonist had no effects on glucose homeostasis. Thus, the onset of action of the ERβ agonist is rapid but there is a limited window in time after estrogen loss when the drug is useful. We conclude that, rather than estradiol, ERβ agonists could be useful pharmaceuticals in maintaining functional DR neurons to treat postmenopausal depression.

In this work, the Cumulative Vehicle Routing Problem (CumVRP) is studied. It is a routing optimization problem, in which the objective is to construct a set of vehicle routes with the minimum cumulative cost in terms of distance and weight over a traveled arc. The CumVRP can be defined with hard and soft time windows constraints for incorporating customer service. To tackle this problem, a matheuristic approach based on combining mathematical programming and an iterative metaheuristic algorithm Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) is proposed. In each step of our approach, a feasible solution (set of routes) is built using GRASP, and, afterward, the solution is optimized using a MILP optimizer. The main objective of this research is to analyze the trade-off between the environmental cost produced by the delivery of goods complying with the limits of time windows and the customer’s dissatisfaction when these limits are violated at a certain time limit previously defined. The results show that the environmental cost is reduced if the violation of the upper limits of the customers’ time windows is allowed. These violations generate a cost associated with penalties that are well balanced with respect to the reduction of emissions.

Purpose: To ensure customer satisfaction, e-retailers have focused on providing a last-mile service that includes time windows. Due to the sustainable challenge this posed, the purpose of this article is to define a method that can be used to evaluate the impact of time windows on sustainability and to apply this method to a particular case study.Design/methodology/approach: Desk research allows us to identify and define this method (based on a scoreboard). Then, a case study is conducted to evaluate the applicability of the scoreboard and analyse the impact of time windows on sustainability.Findings: A method to evaluate the impact of time windows on the three pillars of sustainability is defined and implemented. Through this implementation, the negative impact time windows have on the last-mile sustainability is identified and defined. Thus, the use of time windows leads to a greater impact on the environmental and social pillars. Regarding the economic pillar, the impact is ambiguous. Time windows have a negative impact on delivery costs and vehicle utilisation, but a positive impact on service levels and customer satisfaction. In this sense, intermediate alternatives can largely maintain the benefits of time windows elimination without significantly affecting the service level.Originality/value: Retailers can use the findings as a guide to evaluate and set up sustainable last-mile strategies, deciding whether the use of time windows is necessary and sustainable. In contrast to previous research, this study integrates the three pillars of sustainability. With this integration, it is concluded that intermediate alternatives, such as offering a limited time window system based on historical data, could be the most sustainable solution.

As transistor sizes are downscaled, a single trapped charge has a larger impact on smaller devices and the Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) becomes increasingly important. To optimize circuit design, one needs assessing the impact of RTN on the circuit and this can only be accomplished if there is an accurate statistical model of RTN. The dynamic Monte Carlo modelling requires the statistical distribution functions of both the amplitude and the capture/emission time (CET) of traps. Early works were focused on the amplitude distribution and the experimental data of CETs were typically too limited to establish their statistical distribution reliably. In particular, the time window used has been often small, e.g. 10 sec or less, so that there are few data on slow traps. It is not known whether the CET distribution extracted from such a limited time window can be used to predict the RTN beyond the test time window. The objectives of this work are three fold: to provide the long term RTN data and use them to test the CET distributions proposed by early works; to propose a methodology for characterizing the CET distribution for a fabrication process efficiently; and, for the first time, to verify the long term prediction capability of a CET distribution beyond the time window used for its extraction.

The single vehicle pickup and delivery problem with time window (1-PDPTW) is an important class of vehicle routing problem. This problem aims to find a shortest route for a single vehicle to deliver objects from origin to destination, subject to load limit and time window of delivery. This study develops an ant colony optimization (ACO) method for the 1-PDPTW. Specifically, the constraints of time window and capacity are both considered in the transition probability of ants. Furthermore, we proposed a repair operator to deal with infeasible routes. Experimental results show that the proposed ACO can outperform genetic algorithm and tabu search in terms of solution quality. The results also validate the effectiveness of the repair operator in improving the feasibility and length of routes.

Recent progress in developmental immunology has revealed the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent ontogeny for the various hematopoietic lineages, including mast cells (MC). Adult bone marrow (BM) HSCs fail to generate MC in both lineage tracing and transplantation assays. However, it is unclear whether fetal liver (FL) HSCs can generate MC in vivo. We investigated the MC potential of HSCs from FL and the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) in lineage tracing and transplantation assays. We employed different genetic mouse models that allowed us to identify the Tomato+ progeny of hematopoietic precursors (Runx1mer-cre-mer), endothelial cells (EC, Cdh5ERT2Cre) and HSCs (Fgd5ERT2Cre) by injecting tamoxifen (TAM) at different embryonic days starting at E7.5. TdTomato (Tom)+ HSCs and MCs were quantified after birth. In addition, we transplanted HSCs from AGM (11.5), FL (E12.5 and E15.5), and adult BM (>6 wks) into irradiated mice. Results The EC-labeling at E7.5 efficiently generated Tomato+ MC, but not HSCs (similar results were obtained for the Runx1mer-cre-mer model). EC-labeling at E9.5 made equivalent Tom+ labeling efficiency in MC and HSCs (~85%). However, E11.5 EC mostly failed to mark MC, but still generated Tom+ HSCs (~25%). HSC-labeling at E14 or postnatal day 2 efficiently marked HSCs, but not MC. Collectively, our results indicate that active MC production terminates before E12 and that HSCs after E14 lack MC potential. Our transplantation study also shows lack of MC repopulation by HSCs after E15. However, E11.5 AGM and E12.5 FL HSCs repopulated MC, revealing a transient MC production potential of HSCs. Conclusion MC production by hemogenic ECs terminates before E12 and early HSCs produce MC within a limited time window.

Retinal degeneration is a common clinical feature of ciliopathies, a group of genetic diseases linked to ciliary dysfunction, and gene therapy is an attractive treatment option to prevent vision loss. Although the efficacy of retinal gene therapy is well established by multiple proof-of-concept preclinical studies, its long-term effect, particularly when treatments are given at advanced disease stages, is controversial. Incomplete treatment and intrinsic variability of gene delivery methods may contribute to the variable outcomes. Here, we used a genetic rescue approach to 'optimally' treat retinal degeneration at various disease stages and examined the long-term efficacy of gene therapy in a mouse model of ciliopathy. We used a Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 17 (BBS17) mouse model, in which the gene-trap that suppresses Bbs17 (also known as Lztfl1) expression can be removed by tamoxifen administration, restoring normal gene expression systemically. Our data indicate that therapeutic effects of retinal gene therapy decrease gradually as treatments are given at later stages. These results suggest the presence of limited time window for successful gene therapy in certain retinal degenerations. Our study also implies that the long-term efficacy of retinal gene therapy may depend on not only the timing of treatment but also other factors such as the function of mutated genes and residual activities of mutant alleles.

Schwann cells have a limited window of time in which to initiate myelination signaling during early migration in vivo.

Alert correlation is a process that analyzes the alerts produced by one or more intrusion detection systems and provides a more succinct and high-level view of occurring or attempted intrusions. Several alert correlation systems use pairwise alert correlation in which each new alert is checked with a number of previously received alerts to find its possible correlations with them. An alert selection policy defines the way in which this checking is done. There are different alert selection policies such as select all, window-based random selection and random directed selection. The most important drawback of all these policies is their high computational costs. In this paper a new selection policy which is named Enhanced Random Directed Time Window (ERDTW) is introduced. It uses a limited time window with a number of sliding time slots, and selects alerts from this time window for checking with current alert. ERDTW classifies time slots to Relevant and Irrelevant slots based on the information gathered during previous correlations. More alerts are selected randomly from relevant slots, and less or no alerts are selected from irrelevant slots. ERDTW is evaluated by using DARPA2000 and netforensicshoneynet data. The results are compared with other selection policies. For LLDoS1.0 and LLDoS2.0 execution times are decreased 60 and 50 percent respectively in comparing with select all policy. While the completeness, soundness and false correlation rate for ERDTW are comparable with other more time consuming policies. For larger datasets like netforensicshoneynet, performance improvement is more considerable while the accuracy is the same.

This paper discusses an integrated aviation security incident management capability. One of the key issues in aviation security is that despite the catastrophic magnitude, incidents are rare and their precursors are hard to identify. Moreover, relevant information is held by various air transportation system stakeholders with differing information requirements. For the response to an unlawful interference there is a limited time window during which decision-makers have to identify an incident and select the respective tailored response. The success of avoiding unwanted outcomes diminishes with delays in taking the appropriate decision within this finite time window. In this paper we address the operational and technical challenges of situation management. In order to efficiently manage an aviation security incident, smart systems can provide the required technological capability. The goal of our research is to identify requirements and features of an integrated aviation security incident management capability which we see as an extension of the system-wide information management paradigm of NextGen and SESAR. This research-in-progress paper presents our conceptual approach, modelling work and experiments. The results obtained indicate that smart automation support for situation management in aviation security enhances the early identification of incidents and increases the situational awareness during the management of an incident. This allows decision-makers to select from a wider range of options, as the time-window for the deployment of responses increases.

It is demonstrated that a uniform fiber Bragg grating (FBG) working in the linear regime inherently behaves as an optical temporal integrator over a limited time window. Specifically, the reflected temporal waveform from a weak-coupling uniform FBG is proportional to the time integral of an (arbitrary) optical pulse launched at the component input. This integration extends over a time window fixed by the duration of the squarelike temporal impulse response of the FBG. Ultrafast all-optical integrators capable of accurate operation over nanosecond time windows can be implemented using readily feasible FBGs. The introduced concepts are demonstrated by numerical simulations.

This study contributes to the evaluation of the robustness and accuracy of Green's function reconstruction from cross-correlation of strongly dispersed reverberated signals, with disentangling of the respective roles of ballistic and reverberated ("coda") contributions. We conduct a suite of experiments on a highly reverberating thin duralumin plate, where an approximately diffuse flexural wave field is generated by taking advantage of the plate reverberation and wave dispersion. A large number of impulsive sources that cover the whole surface of the plate are used to validate ambient-noise theory through comparison of the causal and anticausal (i.e., positive- and negative-time) terms of the cross-correlation to one another and to the directly measured Green's function. To quantify the contribution of the ballistic and coda signals, the cross-correlation integral is defined over different time windows of variable length, and the accuracy of the reconstructed Green's function is studied as a function of the initial and end times of the integral. We show that even cross-correlations measured over limited time windows converge to a significant part of the Green's function. Convergence is achieved over a wide time window, which includes not only direct flexural-wave arrivals, but also the multiply reverberated coda. We propose a model, based on normal-mode analysis, that relates the similarity between the cross-correlation and the Green's function to the statistical properties of the plate. We also determine quantitatively how incoherent noise degrades the estimation of the Green's function.