Abstract
Point clouds were obtained after laser scanning of the concrete panel, SMW, and sheet pile which is most widely used in retaining structures. The surface condition of the point cloud affects the displacement calculation, and hence both local roughness and global curvature of each point cloud were analyzed using the different sizes of the kernel. The curvature of the three retaining structures was also analyzed by the azimuth angle. In this paper, artificial displacements are generated for the point clouds of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of the retaining structures, and displacement and analysis errors were calculated using the C2C, C2M, and M3C2 methods. C2C method is affected by the resolution of the point cloud, and the C2M method underestimates the displacement by the location of the points in the curvature of the retaining structures. M3C2 method had the lowest error, and the optimized M3C2 parameters for analyzing the displacement were presented.
Highlights
Retaining structures have been used in various excavation sites to prevent the failure of soils
In the result of 0.5 m kernel radius, the roughness values corresponding to 50% of the points of the concrete panel, Soil mixing wall (SMW), and sheet piles were calculated as 0.0230 m, 0.0239 m, and 0.0838 m, respectively
It was confirmed that the influence of the resolution of the point cloud is dominant in C2C, and the C2C method as calculating the displacement of the three retaining structures can cause a large error due to the resolution
Summary
Retaining structures have been used in various excavation sites to prevent the failure of soils. Sheet piles are one of the most widely used in retaining structures in recent years because the penetration of groundwater can be minimized at the site where sheet piles are installed [13,14] Construction methods, such as anchors and soil nailing can be used with sheet piles to suppress displacement. Since 3D laser scanning has higher resolution and accuracy than other imaging techniques, it can be applied to infrastructures where displacements in mm units occur, such as at excavation sites; 3D laser scanning can scan the entire structure within a short time, and the behavior of the entire structure can be evaluated using a technique, such as a displacement mapping [31]. This paper presents the errors that can occur by each displacement analysis technique when laser scanning is used for retaining structures. This paper increases the applicability of laser scanning to the displacement monitoring of retaining structures in the future and the calculated error can be applied when monitoring the displacement of the retaining structure by laser scanning
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