Discussion on Digital Protection and Inheritance Strategy of Rural Cultural Heritage

The protection of intangible cultural heritage has gradually attracted people's attention. In today's digital information age, the use of digital technology in the protection of intangible cultural heritage has become the focus of research in the field of intangible cultural heritage protection. For the protection of intangible cultural heritage to become the key goal of the continuous inheritance of China's traditional culture, this paper fully analyzes the problems existing in the inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage, and applies the high-performance computing method to the digital protection and development of intangible cultural heritage, which provides a strong basis for the protection of intangible cultural heritage. The accurate identification and protection of intangible cultural heritage can be achieved by using high-performance computing methods. In addition, the digital protection and development system of intangible cultural heritage is also designed. Finally, the example results show that the digital protection and development system of intangible cultural heritage proposed in this paper can effectively protect intangible cultural heritage and promote the continuous development of domestic local economy. At the same time, it can also strengthen the public awareness of the protection of intangible cultural heritage and effectively promote the inheritance and development of the protection of intangible cultural heritage.

In the digital age, knowledge sharing is gaining increasing significance, but its contribution in promoting the protection and transmission of rural intangible cultural heritage is still not fully appreciated. Based on the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theory and the social exchange theory (SET), this study developed a theoretical model to understand the knowledge sharing intention in the digitalization of rural intangible heritage (DRICH). We examined the influence of external stimuli (i.e., heritage rewards and heritage image) on organism feedback (i.e., cultural identity, responsibility, trust, and outcome expectation) and knowledge sharing intention. A total of 363 valid samples were obtained by means of questionnaire survey and analyzed by structural equation model. The results show that: (1) Heritage rewards and heritage image, as important external stimuli, have a positive impact on cultural identity; (2) Outcome expectation, trust and responsibility positively influence knowledge sharing intention, among which outcome expectation has the strongest effect; (3) Heritage-related self-efficacy (SE) positively moderates the relationship between cultural identity and responsibility. By exploring the influence mechanism of the sharing intention in DRICH, this study provides an empirical basis for the theory and practice of the protection and inheritance of rural intangible cultural heritage.

It is the complex and huge number of intangible cultural heritage types in our country's rural areas that bring severe challenge to the intangible cultural heritage protection. The original single government management mode is difficult to cope with the current complex environment of intangible cultural heritage, so it is urgent for all kinds of social forces to participate in governance, form a new model of government-led and social participation, to better inherit and protect the intangible cultural heritage in our countryside. Under the background of rural revitalization, it is of great value to explore the inheritance and protection of rural intangible cultural heritage from the perspective of multiple co-governance. Firstly, the feasibility and necessity of multi-governance of rural intangible cultural heritage are discussed. Secondly, it points out the practical obstacles in the inheritance and protection of rural intangible cultural heritage by the government, the main body of inheritance, enterprises and rural communities. Finally, according to the existing problems, from the directions of giving full play to the leading role of the government, strengthening the main position of inheritors, giving play to the participation of enterprises, and strengthening the supporting role of rural communities, this paper proposes the necessary way to inherit and protect rural intangible cultural heritage.

Метою статті є аналіз становлення та розвитку пам’яткоохоронного законодавства в Україні.
 Наукова новизна статті полягає в аналізі основних законодавчих і підзаконних актів України, завдяки яким відбулося реформування сфери охорони культурної спадщини в Україні та приведення її у відповідність до міжнародних норм і стандартів.
 Висновки. У законодавчому забезпеченні охорони культурної спадщини України можна до певної міри умовно виділити кілька етапів. Перший розпочався із прийняттям Декларації про державний суверенітет України від 16 липня 1990 р., яка започаткувала зміну державних підходів до культурної спадщини України, задекларувавши культурне відродження українського народу й необхідність повернення національних, культурних та історичних цінностей України, що знаходяться за її межами. Водночас базовим актом стали Основи законодавства України про культуру від 14 лютого 1992 р. Саме Основи законодавства України про культуру визначили правові засади діяльності органів публічної влади у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також започаткували процес формування Державного реєстру національного культурного надбання. Конституція України від 28 червня 1996 р. більш послідовно, у порівнянні з Конституцією УРСР, забезпечила гарантії культурних прав громадян та обов’язки держави щодо охорони культурної спадщини. На цьому етапі було ратифіковано ряд міжнародних актів у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також прийнято національні законодавчі й підзаконні акти, спрямовані на імплементацію цих норм у національне законодавство України, зокрема Закон України «Про вивезення, ввезення та повернення культурних цінностей» від 21 вересня 1999 р. Другий етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про охорону культурної спадщини» від 8 червня 2000 р., в якому враховані основні тенденції міжнародно-правового забезпечення охорони культурної спадщини, зокрема положення Конвенції ЮНЕСКО про охорону всесвітньої культурної і природної спадщини 1972 р. Законом урегульовані права та обов’язки суб’єктів охорони культурної спадщини, а також порядок формування Державного реєстру нерухомих пам’яток України за категоріями національного й місцевого значення. На цьому етапі ухвалені й такі важливі нормативні акти, як Закон України «Про охорону археологічної спадщини» від 18 березня 2004 р. і Загальнодержавна програма збереження та використання об’єктів культурної спадщини на 2004–2010 роки, затверджена Законом України від 20 квітня 2004 р. Третій етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про культуру» від 14 грудня 2010 р. і триває донині. На цьому етапі ухвалено ряд важливих змін до законодавства, спрямованих на приведення українського пам’яткоохоронного законодавства до міжнародних норм і стандартів, зокрема щодо збереження пам’яток культурної спадщини, включених до Списку всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО.

The aim of the study is to define international legal standards in the field of protection of cultural heritage and legal acts aimed at the implementation of relevant standards in the national legislation of the state. The methodological base of the research combines general scientific and special scientific concepts, theories and methods. Such methods of cognition as historical, comparative analysis, empirical generalization, modeling and abstraction, dialectical, systemic, complex, and others are used as the methodological base of the research. So, for the knowledge of the legal content of the concept “protection of cultural heritage” the dialectic method is used. The methods of modeling and abstraction are used in the process of studying the implementation of international legal standards for the protection of cultural heritage. Gnoseological methods of cognition are also widely used - induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, which made it possible to solve the problem of studying the ontological and practically praxeological paradigm of cultural heritage in the modern context of constitutional and legal development. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the issue of the implementation of international legal acts in the field of protection and preservation of cultural heritage from the perspective of contemporary global challenges has been actualized for the first time. Сonclusions. As a result of the study, the following most important characteristics of international legal standards for the protection of cultural heritage and their implementation in the national legal system should be noted: providing citizens of the state with legal means of using the norms of international treaties on the protection of cultural heritage; mediation of the national implementation of international treaties by all types of legal activities of the state; the need for official publication implemented an international treaty on the protection of cultural heritage; the saturation of international treaties on the protection of cultural heritage with evaluative concepts, the high level of abstractness of their requirements; influence on the practice of implementing the norms of the studied international treaties of acts of international law enforcement agencies; the presence of international mechanisms that monitor the implementation of international obligations undertaken by states under treaties for the protection of cultural heritage.

The article analyzes the important directions of ICESCO's activity as one of the main international organizations in the protection of cultural heritage during military conflicts. It is noted that ICESCO is recognized as one of the important international organizations in the protection of cultural heritage, especially during military conflicts. ICESCO was established to promote cooperation between member states in the cultural, scientific and educational fields. The organization has identified the protection of the cultural heritage of the islamic world as one of its priorities and pays special attention to preventing the destruction of this heritage during conflicts. The organization's mandate is to protect, in particular, historical and cultural objects in military conflicts, restore heritage damaged as a result of war, and prevent vandalism and deliberate destruction of cultural objects. Thus, ICESCO actively participates in global efforts to protect cultural heritage and considers the protection of this heritage in military conflicts to be one of the priority issues. The organization's activity in this area is extremely important both in terms of providing the necessary legal and technical support to member states and drawing the attention of the international community to the protection of cultural heritage. Keywords: islamic world, cultural heritage, military conflicts, international law, member states, international community, global efforts, international organizations.

The article deals with the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands under international agreements. It highlights the concept of the cultural and natural heritage of wetlands, and then discusses the protection of the world cultural heritage of wetlands within the framework of UNESCO. The article also identifies cultural values under the Ramsar Convention. It focuses on the assessment of international protection of world cultural and natural heritage in wetlands. Finally, the article refers to the World Heritage of the Wilderness Wetlands. The article contributes to clarifying the absence of an independent legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The Study concluded that international agreements do not establish explicit international obligations on states. Hence the need for an international convention dedicated to the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The study also concluded that there is no judicial mechanism to limit the deterioration of cultural heritage in wetlands.

The starting point in this paper is the position that spatial and urban planning has a key role in sustainable development and the protection of cultural heritage. The planning method used in areas of cultural heritage differs depending on the type and level of the spatial plan. It is possible to identify aspects of protection and sustainable development in plans, with the protection of cultural heritage dominating in practice. Research was carried out on a case study of three spatial plans at different levels, which both in terms of their methodology and content make up the planning system for the protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage in Serbia. The comparative analysis of the plans includes three aspects: protection, the sustainable development of cultural heritage, and the integration of cultural heritage into the planning and protection of landscapes. The implementation models of the spatial plans were considered. The main conclusion of the paper is that the concept of protecting cultural heritage has not evolved into a system of comprehensive and adequate planning for its sustainable development, nor is it sufficiently integrated with the planning and protection of landscapes. The paper provides guidelines for improving both the methodology of spatial planning and the concept of the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in spatial plans.

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH), which is regarded as a treasure of human civilization, is loaded with abundant historical, cultural and ethnic memories. Since globalization is accelerating and the modernization process is moving forward, a great number of ICH are in danger of vanishing. For the purpose of effectively protecting and inheriting these invaluable resources, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been gradually introduced into the digital protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage. This article first presents the current situation regarding the protection and inheritance of ICH, and then expounds in detail on the specific application methods of AI in the digital protection and inheritance of ICH, such as data collection and processing, intelligent classification and identification, virtual restoration and reproduction, etc. Subsequently, through experimental investigations, this article analyzes the actual effects and potential values of AI technology in the protection and inheritance of ICH. The experimental results indicate that artificial intelligence technology can remarkably enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage, with the accuracy rate varying from 85% to 92%, which offers new motivation for the sustainable development of ICH.

As the valuable wealth of a country, cultural heritage is the symbol of strengthening the cultural confidence and promoting the social and cultural prosperity, so it is particularly important to enhance the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage. With the continuous development of digital technology, it plays a significant role in the protection, restoration and utilization of cultural heritage. Therefore, through the analysis on the current status of the application of LIDAR technology in the protection of cultural heritage at home and abroad, this paper adopts Internet technology to independently develop the “point spirit” mobile platform of cultural heritage protection. With the functions of point cloud angle measurement, distance measurement and area measurement, the platform can also conduct color rendering in accordance with the attributes of point clouds to present different display effects. Enriching the digital protection of cultural heritage in theory and practice. This provides new technical methods for the establishment of the original database of cultural relics and historic sites and the protection practice of cultural heritage.

With the rapid development of digital technology, it has now been widely used for the digital protection of cultural heritage. The traditional cultural heritage digital protection method of information retrieval recall rate is low, and the processing time is long. Therefore, a new digital protection method of cultural heritage based on web technology is proposed. An improved four-layer architecture design pattern is adopted to plan a web-based digital protection platform for cultural heritage. The application service provider (ASP) combines SQL server and B/S architecture to develop a database platform and functional modules for direct dynamic management of the website model. Based on this, combined with web technology, the digital image of cultural heritage is reconstructed followed by computing the uncertainty probability of web visualization, completing the modeling metalanguage, and classification of network cultural heritage. The digital image enhancement of cultural heritage is based on HSV color space. In order to realize the digital protection of traditional cultural heritage, multifiltering technology is introduced into the process of brightness digital image extraction. It is evident from the experimental results that the proposed method has higher recall and lower error and can enhance the digital image of cultural heritage in a shorter time, which shows that the proposed method can effectively achieve digital protection of cultural heritage.

Abstract. The protection of cultural heritage relates to an issue of identity. How a nation or a state tries to face to its history is often revealed on the protection of cultural heritage. Taiwan is as a country with complex history, especially the period after World War II. This article will work on some significant cases, regarded as ideological representation of identity. This article works on the cultural identity by observing and analyzing different cases of classified Historic Monuments. In different political periods, we see how the government tries to fabricate on the identity issue by working on Historic Monuments preservation. During the presidency of Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo, the classification of Historic Monuments tried to focus on those make by former Chinese migrants. They tried hard to establish and reaffirm the ever existing “fact” of people in Taiwan. Whereas after the late 1980s and 1990s, after Chiang’s reign, local conscience has been awaken. Political ambience turned to a new era. This freedom of speech of post-Chiang’s reign encourages people to seek on their identity. The complex political situation of Taiwan makes this seeking cultural identity related to the seeking of independence of Taiwan. The respect to the aboriginal people also reoriented to include the preservation of their tribes and villages.

Preparation of present article was aiming to try to answer the following questions: why the responsible business conduct in the Republic of Kazakhstan needs to include the protection of tangible cultural heritage. Authors consider legal aspects of protection of cultural heritage of Kazakhstan, its international obligations in it to the sphere and the status of objects of material cultural heritage in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the level of UNESCO, the Republic of Kazakhstan has numerous official international obligations in protection of material cultural and natural heritage, which both the state and private organizations need to observe strictly. This system of the international obligations is complemented with the local legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan directed to preservation of objects of cultural and natural heritage. Additionally, this work will list the basic recommendations, following of which is going to guarantee the protection and conservation of tangible cultural heritage sites, as well as save the representatives of the business sphere from various risks and associated financial losses related to the damaging and destruction of tangible cultural heritage sites. In addition to compliance with Kazakhstani and international legislative bases in the field of protection and use of tangible cultural heritage, the most socially responsible organizations can also organize their own events to raise awareness of their employees about the need to protect tangible cultural heritage.Key words: responsible business conduct, cultural heritage, protection, conservation, legislation.

This chapter takes a futures perspective to the legal protection of African Cultural Heritage as countries review and improve their heritage legislations to meet emerging opportunities and challenges. As most of the legal regimes protecting cultural heritage on the continent have been extensively discussed, the researchers focussed on expected impacts of the unfolding developments in technology, and global interests in heritage and development, on protection and preservation of cultural heritage. UNESCO has positioned culture as the fourth pillar of development after social, economic and environmental factors. Innovation and industrialisation are terms that have assumed major use in recent years, while information and communication technologies (ICTs), digital economies and intellectual property have also assumed significance in economic development. Through a detailed study of relevant heritage laws in many African countries ranging from Acts of Parliament, Ordinances, By-laws, statutory instruments to policies, the chapter explores how African countries are dealing with four emerging issues in heritage management which are; utilisation of cultural heritage for economic beneficiation; the role of cultural heritage in innovation and industrialisation; impacts of digital technology on heritage protection and preservation; and lastly, protection of Intellectual Property (IP) arising from utilisation of cultural heritage. The study showed that these matters are rarely dealt with in existing legal protective mechanisms protecting cultural heritage in Africa, yet, these are the major issues in other areas of governance in most countries including Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya, Zambia to mention but a few. The chapter goes on to urge cultural heritage professionals and legal minds to brace up for the ramifications of these four issues on the protection of cultural heritage in Africa.

The use of tourism as a means to revitalize intangible cultural heritage is common in China. A number of studies have confirmed the role of residents' empowerment in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, so it is crucial to promote residents' deep participation in tourism planning and development. This study examines the impact of empowerment on residents' willingness to participate and the protection of intangible cultural heritage, so as to solve the problem of insufficient participation of residents in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. It aims to emphasize the importance of empowerment and the mediating role of willingness to participate. A survey was conducted among 244 residents from 4 intangible heritage towns in Ganzhou City. The results show that empowerment not only has a significant positive impact on residents' willingness to participate in tourism planning and development but also has a positive impact on the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Additionally, empowerment indirectly affects the protection effect of intangible cultural heritage through the mediation of residents' willingness to participate. Based on these findings, three suggestions are put forward: first, the government should learn to listen to the voice of residents, it can involve residents in heritage management decisions, strengthen their control, self-efficacy and emotional connection with intangible cultural heritage. Secondly, we can pass on traditional skills to the younger generation and enhance their cultural identity. Thirdly, economic empowerment has a better effect on residents' participation in tourism planning and development than psychological and social empowerment. Governments should create job opportunities, support the commercialization of folk performances and heritage-related products, and ensure local communities benefit economically from tourism.