Discovering non-associated pressure-sensitive plasticity models with EUCLID

Constitutive modeling of commercial pure titanium sheet based on non-associated flow rule and differential hardening

A non-associated constitutive model considering anisotropic hardening for orthotropic anisotropic materials in sheet metal forming

Magnesium sheet metal alloys have a hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure that leads to severe evolving anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry as a result of the activation of different deformation mechanisms (slip and twinning) that are extremely challenging to model numerically. The low density of magnesium alloys and their high specific strength relative to steel and aluminum alloys make them promising candidates for automotive light-weighting but standard phenomenological plasticity models cannot adequately capture the complex plastic response of these materials. In this study, the constitutive plastic behavior of a rare-earth magnesium alloy sheet, ZEK100 (O-temper), was considered at room temperature, under quasi-static conditions. The CPB06 yield criterion for hcp materials was employed along with a non-associative flow rule in which the yield function and plastic potential were calibrated for a range of plastic deformation levels to account for evolving anisotropy under proportional loading. The non-associative flow rule has not previously been applied to magnesium alloys which require the use of flexible constitutive models to capture the severe anisotropy and its evolution with plastic deformation. The non-associative flow rule can provide the required flexibility by decoupling the yield function and plastic potential. For the associative flow rule, such flexibility can only be achieved by multiple linear transformations of the stress tensor resulting in expensive models for calibration and simulations. The constitutive model was implemented as a user material subroutine (UMAT) within the commercial finite element software, LS-DYNA, for general 3-D stress states along with an interpolation technique to consider the evolution of anisotropy based upon the plastic work. To evaluate the accuracy of the implemented model, predictions of a single-element model were compared with the experimental results in terms of flow stresses and plastic flow directions under various proportional loading conditions and along different test directions. Finally, to assess the predictive capabilities of the model, full-scale simulations of coupon-level formability experiments were performed and compared with experimental results in terms of far-field load-displacement and local strain paths. Using these experiments, the constitutive model was evaluated across the full range of representative stress states for sheet metal forming operations. It was shown that the predictions of the model were in very good agreement with experimental data.

Finite element simulations and experiments for the split-ring test were conducted to investigate the effect of anisotropic constitutive models on the predictive capability of sheet springback. As an alternative to the commonly employed associated flow rule, a non-associated flow rule for Hill1948 yield function was implemented in the simulations. Moreover, the evolution of anisotropy with plastic deformation was efficiently modeled by identifying equivalent plastic strain-dependent anisotropic coefficients. Comparative study with different yield surfaces and elasticity models showed that the split-ring springback could be best predicted when the anisotropy in both the R value and yield stress, their evolution and variable apparent elastic modulus were taken into account in the simulations. Detailed analyses based on deformation paths superimposed on the anisotropic yield functions predicted by different constitutive models were provided to understand the complex springback response in the split-ring test.

Review on Thermo-mechanical Approach in the Modelling of Geo-materials Incorporating Non-associated Flow Rules

An elastoplastic model with combined isotropic–kinematic hardening to predict the cyclic behavior of stiff clays

Thinning prediction of hole-expansion test for DP980 sheet based on a non-associated flow rule

Analytical description of an asymmetric yield function (Yoon2014) by considering anisotropic hardening under non-associated flow rule

Typical transport packages used in Germany are equipped with wooden impact limiting devices. In this paper we give an overview of the latest status regarding the development of a finite element material model for the crush of spruce wood. Although the crush of wood — mainly in longitudinal direction — is a phenomenon governed by macroscopic fracture and failure of wood fibres, we smear fracture and failure mechanisms over the continuous volume. In a first step we altered an existing LS-DYNA material model for foams, which considers an ellipse shaped yield surface written in terms of the first two stress invariants. The evolution of the yield surface in the existing model depends on the volumetric strain only. For the use with spruce wood, we modified the existing material model to consider the deviatoric strain for the evolution of the yield surface as well. This is in accordance with the results of crush tests with spruce wood specimens, where the crushing deformation was rather deviatoric for uniaxial stress states and rather volumetric for multiaxial stress states. We rate the basic idea of this approach to be reasonable, though other problems exist regarding the shape of the yield surface and the assumption of isotropic material properties. Therefore we developed a new transversal isotropic material model with two main directions, which considers different yield curves according to the multiaxiality of the stress state via a multi-surface yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. The results show the ability to reproduce the basic strength characteristics of spruce wood. Nevertheless, problems with regularization etc. show that additional investigations are necessary.

Today, the modeling of concrete as a material within finite element simulations is predominantly done through nonlinear material models of concrete. In current sophisticated computational systems, there are a number of complex concrete material models which are based on theory of plasticity, damage mechanics, linear or nonlinear fracture mechanics or combinations of those theories. These models often include very complex constitutive relations which are suitable for the modeling of practically any continuum mechanics tasks. However, the usability of these models is very often limited by their parameters, whose values must be defined for the proper realization of appropriate constitutive relations. Determination of the material parameter values is very complicated in most material models. This is mainly due to the non-physical nature of most parameters, and also the large number of them that are frequently involved. In such cases, the designer cannot make practical use of the models without having to employ the complex inverse parameter identification process. In continuum mechanics, however, there are also constitutive relations that require the definition of a relatively small number of parameters which are predominantly of a physical nature and which describe the behavior of concrete very well within a particular task. This paper presents an example of such constitutive relations which have the potential for implementation and application in finite element systems. Specifically, constitutive relations for modeling the plane stress state of concrete are presented and subsequently tested and evaluated in this paper. The relations are based on the incremental theory of elastic strain-hardening plasticity in which a non-associated flow rule is used. The calculation result for the case of concrete under uniaxial compression is compared with the experimental data for the purpose of the validation of the constitutive relations used.

A criterion for general description of anisotropic hardening considering strength differential effect with non-associated flow rule

In metal forming, progress in material models is required to construct a general and reliable fracture prediction framework because of the increased use of advanced materials and growing demand for higher prediction accuracy. In this study, a fracture prediction framework based on bifurcation theory is constructed. A novel material model based on the stress-rate dependence related to a non-associated flow rule is presented. This model is based on a non-associated flow rule with an arbitrary higher-order yield function and a plastic potential function for any anisotropic material. This formulation is combined with the stress-rate-dependent plastic constitutive equation, which is known as the Ito–Goya rule, to construct a generalized plastic constitutive model in which non-normality and non-associativity are reasonably included. Then, by adopting three-dimensional bifurcation theory, which is referred to the 3D theory, a new theoretical framework for fracture prediction based on the initiation of a shear band is constructed. Using virtual material data, a numerical simulation is carried out to produce a fracture limit diagram, which is used to investigate the characteristics of the proposed methodology.

In this paper the basic features of a constitutive model for normally and lightly overconsolidated soils, based on the multilaminate framework, are discussed. Multilami-nate models simulate the stress–strain behaviour of a material by considering the response on so-called integration or sampling planes. Yield and plastic potential functions are expressed in terms of normal and shear stresses on these integration planes, and thus the mathematical formulations remain relatively simple even for complex strain-hardening/softening models. The model includes a deviatoric yield surface with a non-associated flow rule and a volumetric yield surface with an associated flow rule. Induced anisotropy and the effect of rotation of principal stress axes are intrinsically taken into account in multilaminate models without requiring additional material parameters. Inherent anisotropy can be modelled by introducing a structural tensor. A slight disadvantage of the multilaminate approach is that no function for a yield surface in three-dimensional stress space exists, and therefore comparison with other constitutive models is difficult on a visual basis. However, it is shown that the model produces approximately a Mohr–Coulomb failure surface in the deviatoric plane, which can be easily modified to incorporate anisotropic behaviour with respect to strength, providing a significant extension of the model. The influence of the integration rule on the obtained failure surface is discussed. Comparison with experimental data from a comprehensive series of stress-path-controlled triaxial tests on Poko clay shows the capability of the approach for modelling the mechanical behaviour of soft clays. The significant importance of the formulation of the flow rule on the model's performance for undrained triaxial stress paths is discussed by comparison with experimental data. Finally some results from a slope stability analysis are presented.

Constitutive modeling based on non-associated flow rule for anisotropic sheet metals forming

This paper presents a fabric tensor-based bounding surface model accounting for anisotropic behaviour (e.g. the dependency of peak strength on loading direction and non-coaxial deformation) of granular materials. This model is developed based on a well-calibrated isotropic bounding surface model. The yield surface is modified by incorporating the back stress which is proportional to a contact normal-based fabric tensor for characterising fabric anisotropy. The evolution law of the fabric tensor, which is dependent on both rates of the stress ratio and the plastic strain, rules that the material fabric tends to align with the loading direction and evolves towards a unique critical state fabric tensor under monotonic shearing. The incorporation of the evolution law leads to a rotational hardening of the yield surface. The anisotropic critical state is assumed to be independent of the initial values of void ratio and fabric tensor. The critical state fabric tensor has the same intermediate stress ratio (i.e. b value) and principal directions as the critical state stress tensor. A non-associated flow rule in the deviatoric plane is adopted, which is able to predict the non-coaxial flow naturally. The stress–strain relation and fabric evolution of model predictions show a satisfactory agreement with DEM simulation results under monotonic shearing with different loading directions. The model is also validated by comparing with laboratory test results of Leighton Buzzard sand and Toyoura sand under various loading paths. The comparison results demonstrate encouraging applicability of the model for predicting the anisotropic behaviour of granular materials.