Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing technologies, such as powder bed fusion process, directed energy deposition (DED) process, sheet lamination process, etc., are one of promising flexible manufacturing technologies due to direct fabrication characteristics of a metallic freeform with a three-dimensional shape from computer aided design data. DED processes can create an arbitrary shape on even and uneven substrates through line-by-line deposition of a metallic material. Theses DED processes can easily fabricate a heterogeneous material with desired properties and characteristics via successive and simultaneous depositions of different materials. In addition, a hybrid process combining DED with different manufacturing processes can be conveniently developed. Hence, researches on the DED processes have been steadily increased in recent years. This paper reviewed recent research trends of DED processes and their applications. Principles, key technologies and the state-of-the art related to the development of process and system, the optimization of deposition conditions and the application of DED process were discussed. Finally, future research issues and opportunities of the DED process were identified.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies produce threedimensional (3D) physical objects from digital information through layer-by-layer, line-by-line, piece-by-piece, or surface-by-surface depositions of materials on the substrate and1 3 Vol.:(0123456789)International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology (2021) 8:703–742 environment, (b) reduction of cost to fabricate products using expensive materials, such as titanium and nickel based super-alloys, through the improved buy-to-fly (BTF) ratio and the reduced waste, and (c) Improvement of cost-competitiveness and structural integrity through the manufacture of unified structures with arbitrary shapes [2–4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 23–27]
The wire feeding type directed energy deposition (DED) processes are classified into wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), wire and laser additive manufacturing (WLAM), and wire and electron beam additive manufacturing (WEAM) processes according to used thermal energies [1, 4, 6, 24, 46, 58–67]
This paper reviewed recent research trends of DED processes and their applications
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies produce threedimensional (3D) physical objects from digital information through layer-by-layer, line-by-line, piece-by-piece, or surface-by-surface depositions of materials on the substrate and. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology (2021) 8:703–742 environment, (b) reduction of cost to fabricate products using expensive materials, such as titanium and nickel based super-alloys, through the improved buy-to-fly (BTF) ratio and the reduced waste, and (c) Improvement of cost-competitiveness and structural integrity through the manufacture of unified structures with arbitrary shapes [2–4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 23–27]. Due to these important features and promising advantages, the AM technologies have attracted attention as emerging technologies from academies and industries in recent years [6, 28, 29]. Future research issues and opportunities of the DED process are investigated
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