Abstract
BackgroundLandslides area controversial issue worldwide and cause a wide range of impacts on the socio-economic systems of the affected community. However, empirical studies of affected environments remain inadequate for prediction and decision making. This study aims to estimate the direct impact of a massive landslide that occurred around areas with Kandyan home gardens (KHGs)in Aranayake, Sri Lanka.ResultsPrimary data were gathered by structured questionnaire from residents of the directly affected regions; the questionnaire data were combined with spatial data to acquire detailed information about the livelihoods and hazards at the household level. Satellite images were used to find affected land use and households prior to the landslide. Further, secondary data were obtained to assess the recovery cost. A multiple regression model was established to estimate the economic value of the home gardens. Field surveys and satellite images revealed that land-use practices during the past decades have caused environmental imbalance and have led to slope instability.ConclusionsThe results reveal that 52% of household income is generated by the KHG and that the income level highly depends on the extent of the land (R2 = 0.85, p < 0.05). The extent of destroyed land that was obtained from the satellite images and the age of the KHG were used to develop a multiple regression model to estimate the economic loss of the KHG. It was found that the landslide affected region had been generating approximately US$ 160,000 annually from their home gardens toward the GDP of the country. This study found that almost all houses in the area were at risk of further sliding, and all of them were partially or entirely affected by the landslide. Among the affected households, 60% (40 houses) had completelycollapsed, whereas 40% (27 houses) were partially damaged. Because of these circumstances, the government must provide US $ 40,369 to recover the fully and partially damaged households. Finally, a lack of awareness and unplanned garden cultivation were the main contributing factors that increased the severity of the damage.
Highlights
Landslides area controversial issue worldwide and cause a wide range of impacts on the socioeconomic systems of the affected community
The results from social surveys revealed that the affected villages of Aranayake (Elagipitia and Pallebage) are agriculturally based rural areas depending on Kandyan home gardens (KHGs) (Fig. 1)
Descriptive statistics of collected primary data related to total monthly income, contribution of KHG for monthly income, savings and expenditure with respect to age of the KHG is summarized in the table
Summary
Landslides area controversial issue worldwide and cause a wide range of impacts on the socioeconomic systems of the affected community. This study aims to estimate the direct impact of a massive landslide that occurred around areas with Kandyan home gardens (KHGs)in Aranayake, Sri Lanka. Natural disasters are complex detrimental events that occur entirely beyond the control of humans (Alimohammadlou et al, 2013). Natural disasters can be classified based on the speed of onset; some disasters occur within seconds (landslides), minutes (tornadoes) or hours (flash floods and tsunamis) and others may take months or years to manifest themselves (droughts). Landslides occur over a wide range of velocities and are recognized as the third most crucial natural disaster worldwide (Zillman, 1999). The direct impact of landslides on the socio-economic system is crucial (Christopher, 2016). Landslides are responsible for significant loss of life and injury to people and their livestock as well as damage to infrastructure, agricultural lands and housing (Schuster and Fleming, 1986; JRC, 2003; Blöchl and Braun, 2005; Guzzetti et al, 2012).Economic losses from landslides have
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