Abstract
ANTHROPOLOGY Pottery is often dated indirectly by relying on carbon-14 analysis of proximal bone or seed or through dendrochronology. Such materials are not always available, or their own histories are confused, so there is a need to date such materials based on the organic material in or on the
Highlights
There are many potential explanations for the adaptive significance of autumn colors in the senescing leaves of temperate deciduous trees
Clathrin-coated pits mediate the internalization of clustered receptors from the cell surface in a process termed receptormediated endocytosis
The AP-2 adaptor complex has been thought of as a key structural and functional component of plasma membrane–derived coated pits and vesicles, and it is found in stoichiometric amounts in isolated clathrin-coated vesicles
Summary
There are many potential explanations for the adaptive significance of autumn colors in the senescing leaves of temperate deciduous trees. One idea is that coloration is a signal to insects about the tree’s. Mountain birch investment in chemical deforest in autumn. Hagen et al investigated this possibility over three growing seasons in mountain birch trees in northern Norway. The degree of autumn coloration in September was negatively correlated with the amount of insect damage to the following season’s leaf crop, and with physiological indices of stress and reproductive investment. The commonest leaf-chewing insects in the study area are geometrid moths that lay their eggs in the autumn. Though the causal link is yet to be established, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the insects prefer less discolored leaves.
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