Abstract
Myriophyllum spicatum or Eurasian watermilfoil (hereafter, milfoil) is among the most problematic invasive aquatic plant species throughout much of North America. M. spicatum infestations can result in reduced diversity and abundance of native plant populations. Control of the invader is essential to promoting healthy ecosystems. Several treatment alternatives are available for milfoil control, although cost and efficacy vary significantly, with some treatments resulting in more harm to the native population than no treatment at all. A series of field-based microcosms containing actively growing milfoil were constructed in order to directly compare the impact of two herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and fluridone) and the milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) on weed control and plant biochemistry. Herbicide concentrations in water, plants, and sediments were monitored, as were weevil population dynamics and resulting invertebrate damage to milfoil stems. The impact of the different treatments on levels of polyphenols, carbohydrates, ash, and overall carbon and nitrogen levels in the milfoil were determined. Total biomass of the untreated milfoil increased by more than 2.7-fold during the 53-day experimental period. Conversely, the biomass of milfoil subjected to chemical or biological treatment either remained constant or decreased significantly during the experiment. The herbicide 2,4-D resulted in nearly 100% milfoil mortality by day 20, whereas fluridone toxicity was significantly slower but reached 75% by the end of the trial. Similarly, milfoil growth in the weevil-amended tanks was somewhat erratic but by the end of the trial, the total plant biomass was 71% less than that of un-amended controls. Although the total biomass remaining at the end of the fluridone and weevil treatments was similar, the carbohydrate and starch content of the shoots in the insect treatment were nearly 4.6- and 4.8-fold greater, respectively, than that of the herbicide treated plants. The higher starch content in insect-treated plants could lead to increased autofragmentation and spread of M. spicatum. However, herbicide treatments are frequently required for several years. Therefore, integrated pest management, which combines the long-term benefits of biological controls with the short-term benefits of herbicides may provide the best solution to the control of M. spicatum and the conservation of native plants.
Highlights
Eurasian watermilfoil [Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragaceae); hereafter, milfoil] is among the most widespread and aggressive invasive aquatic plants in North America (Smith and Barko, 1990)
This was observed for our experiment, where 2,4-D treatments caused an immediate burst of fructose and sucrose concentrations in plant tips, a reduction of carbohydrate content in the roots after 5 days and rapid losses of carbohydrates in above ground tissue by 14 days
This study showed that weevils and herbicides applied during early summer growth could limit carbohydrate allocation to roots in the fall, which should reduce M. spicatum growth the following Spring
Summary
Eurasian watermilfoil [Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragaceae); hereafter, milfoil] is among the most widespread and aggressive invasive aquatic plants in North America (Smith and Barko, 1990). The native range of M. spicatum is throughout Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa; its current distribution includes 48 states of the United States, as well as large sections of Canada (EDDMapS, 2015). This broad range is quite remarkable; the plant seems to grow just as well after over-wintering under the ice in New England as it does in the year long-growing season of the south. Once introduced to a water body, M. spicatum often grows to form dense stands that outcompete native plants (Smith and Barko, 1990; Madsen et al, 1991). Spread among lakes can occur by a number of means, including loose vegetation attached to boats/trailers and fragments carried by avian species further threatening native plant populations (Madsen et al, 1988)
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