Direct analysis of marine dissolved organic matter using LC-FT-ICR MS

Abstract

Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of the global carbon cycle, yet its intricate composition and the sea salt matrix pose major challenges for chemical analysis. The current view on marine DOM as assessed with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) is largely based on SPE-extracts known for its consistent underestimation of e.g. the mean nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC) and molecular weight as compared to bulk measurements. We introduce a direct injection, reversed-phase liquid chromatography Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS approach to analyze marine DOM without the need for solid-phase extraction. Effective separation of salt and DOM is achieved with a large chromatographic column and an extended isocratic aqueous step. Post-column dilution of the sample flow with buffer-free solvents and implementing a counter gradient reduced salt buildup in the ion source and resulted in excellent repeatability. With this method over 5,500 unique molecular formulas were detected from just 5.5 nmol of carbon in 100 µL filtered Arctic Ocean seawater. We observed highly linear detector response for variable sample carbon concentrations and a high robustness against the salt matrix. We could demonstrate the bias of SPE in marine DOM on a molecular level leading to a predominant detection of less polar DOM, while neglecting a large fraction of polar, heteroatom-rich DOM. In addition, a substantial fraction of terrestrial-derived DOM was previously overlooked in solid-phase extracted marine DOM. Overall, the direct analysis of seawater offers fast and simple sample preparation and avoids fractionation introduced by extraction. The method facilitates studies in environments, where only minimal sample volume is available e.g. in marine sediment pore water, ice cores, or permafrost soil solution. The small volume requirement also supports higher spatial (e.g. in soils) or temporal sample resolution (e.g. in culture experiments). Chromatographic separation adds further chemical information to molecular formulas, enhancing our understanding of marine biogeochemistry, chemodiversity, and ecological processes.