Abstract
Biological applications of fluorescent probes are rapidly increasing in the supramolecular chemistry research field. Several organic dyes are being utilized currently in developing and advancing this attractive research area, of which diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) organic dyes show an exceptional photophysical features (high-fluorescence quantum yield (FQY), good photochemical and thermal stability) that are essential properties for biological applications. Great efforts have been made in recent years towards developing novel fluorescent DPPs by different chemists for such applications, and some positive results have been reported. As a result, this review article gives an account of the progress that has so far been made very recently, mainly within the last decade, in that we selectively focus on and discuss more from 2015 to present on some recent scholarly achievements of fluorescent DPPs: quantum yield, aggregation-induced emission (AIE), solid-state emission, bio-imaging, cancer/tumor therapy, mitochondria staining and some polymeric fluorescent DPPs. Finally, this review article highlights researchers working on luminescent DPPs and the future prospects in some key areas towards designing DPP-based fluorescent probes in order to boost their photophysical and biological applications more effectively.
Highlights
Fluorescent probes (FPs) are materials possessing fluorescence properties, like fluorescence time, wavelength and emission intensity, changes resulting from specific interactions with target species for sensing and visualizing of some biological molecules as a result of their progressiveness, noninvasiveness and high sensitivity with spatial resolution, gaining considerable research interests [1,2,3,4,5]
Fluorescence is of paramount importance in organic optoelectronics bilityinofsolid-state organic fluorophores to come together and aggregate to form solid films is the fundamental basis of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ)
Selenophene-based DPPs were reported to have possessed very good optoelectronic properties like, good fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs) from their optimized fluorophores, low energy bandgap attributed by their low-lying HOMO/LUMO along with their observed good surface morphology which resulted from the effective heavier nature of Selenium atom that favors inter-system crossing (ISC)
Summary
Fluorescent probes (FPs) are materials possessing fluorescence properties, like fluorescence time, wavelength and emission intensity, changes resulting from specific interactions with target species for sensing and visualizing of some biological molecules as a result of their progressiveness, noninvasiveness and high sensitivity with spatial resolution, gaining considerable research interests [1,2,3,4,5]. Organic dyes (ODs) have been used in the fluorescence research field to develop probes for different kinds of applications, such as optoelectronics [6], organic electronics light-emitting devices like OLEDs, solar cells and OFETs [7,8,9,10,11], with detection of essential biological components, bio-imaging and even therapy of cancer/tumor cells [12,13,14,15] Such utilized novel FPs are mostly from coumarin, rhodamine, fluorescein, cyanine, boron-dipyrromethane (BODIPY) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP).
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