Digitalisation in modelling: general framework on how Industry 4.0 will change the green supply chain model

Green supply chain management is critical for driving sustainable development and addressing escalating environmental challenges faced by companies. However, due to the multidimensionality of cost–benefit analysis and the intricacies of supply chain operations, strategic decision-making regarding green supply chains is inherently complex. This paper proposes a green supply chain optimization framework based on a two-stage heuristic algorithm. First, anchored in the interests of intermediary core enterprises, this work integrates upstream procurement and transportation of products with downstream logistics and distribution. In this aspect, a three-tier green complex supply chain model incorporating economic and environmental factors is developed to consider carbon emissions, product non-conformance rates, delay rates, and transportation costs. The overarching goal is to comprehensively optimize the trade-off between supply chain costs and carbon emissions. Subsequently, a two-stage heuristic algorithm is devised to solve the model by combining the cuckoo search algorithm with the brainstorming optimization algorithm. Specifically, an adaptive crossover–mutation operator is introduced to enhance the search performance of the brainstorming optimization algorithm, which caters to both global and local search perspectives. Experimental results and comparison studies demonstrate that the proposed method performs well within the modeling and optimization of the green supply chain. The proposed method facilitates the efficient determination of ordering strategies and transportation plans within tight deadlines, thereby offering valuable support to decision-makers in central enterprises for supply chain management, ultimately maximizing their benefits.

Due to climate change, the importance of environmental protection, and the operation of the global supply chain influenced by the pandemic, building a flexible green supply chain model can help enterprises keep operational sustainability and strengthen competitive advantages. However, it can be found from relevant literature that research on green supply chain flexibility is still insufficient. This study aims to fill the research gap, and attempts to develop a multi-objective mixed integer programming model for a flexible green supply chain network design to maximize the profit, the amicable production level. To our knowledge, this proposed model is the first effort to take economic factors, environmental factors, supply flexibility, manufacturing flexibility, distribution flexibility and reverse logistics flexibility into account simultaneously, and can be a reference for supporting effectively management of the green supply chain network design. The research result and findings can be a reference for related academic researches and also can be used to guide the development of a green supply chain model for making better decision.

As environmental issues become the focus of global attention, low-carbon economy based on the concept of low energy consumption, low pollution, and sustainable development is becoming the focus of global attention. This new trend brings new challenges and opportunities to supply chain management. In view of the current new trend, each node enterprise in the supply chain should have the dual compatibility of economy and environment. How to balance the profits of supply chain nodes is an important issue for traditional enterprises under the guarantee of environmental benefits and green supply chain management. This paper takes the green transformation of enterprises as the breakthrough point, combined with the comparison of three green supply chain models. Considering the different preferences of enterprises for environmentally friendly goals, a green supply chain model is constructed when manufacturers and retailers consider different goals. This paper discusses the impact of environmental preferences of manufacturers and retailers on the supply chain system. It is found that when the manufacturer’s environmental preference is 1, the supply chain profit of the biobjective model is up to 1901. The results show that the model can achieve the dual optimization of the profit target and environmental friendly target and achieve the effect of green supply chain optimization.

In this investigation, a green supply chain (GSC) model has been developed for multi-objective optimization industrial problem. For this purpose, total cost of supply chain and total time including loading and unloading time of materials or products for transportation is minimized. The \(CO_2\) emission cost has been considered for environmental protection concern. Due to vagueness of various data of the proposed model, the parameters of the model have been taken as triangular fuzzy numbers. Expected value technique is used to remove the fuzziness of different parameters. A novel step method has been applied to convert the multi-objectives to a single one. The converted crisp model has been solved by Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) technique using LINGO 17.0. A practical numerical experiment with some sensitivity analyses has been carried out to validate the proposed model.

An initial generic framework for steel industry supply chain sustainability is proposed and enhanced later to reflect the reality of supply chain operations. The Green Supply Chain (GL-SC) framework is based on a simultaneous implementation of environmental and green practices across the supply chain. It also involves methods to recover the product from customer or scrap and to re-use it or re-use part of it through recycling, repair, remanufacturing, or refurbishment. Recovered items can be sent to customer or to another customer (second grade) or even returned to supplier. The framework covers the key supply chain components and operations, specifies their environmental impacts, and assigns potential green practices. The Framework specifies green SC practices that can mainly contribute to the sustainability of the steel supply chain. This is expected to result in a green focus across the supply chain and establishes for a green assessment of various SC functions. A set of green supply chain (G-SC) metrics will be developed to assess the sustainability of steel supply chain. These metrics will be used to assess the effectiveness of current and proposed green practices within the supply chain while revealing the effects of these initiatives and their potential opportunities. The proposed framework includes both qualitative and quantitative performance measurements. As green initiatives are evaluated for adoption and a set of sustainable supply chain performance measures (KPIs) will be developed then a DES simulation model of steel supply chain will be built, validated, and verified. Conflict amongst the multiple objectives and KPIs is often expected. The assessment of such initiatives/alternatives translates into a multi-objective optimization problem that could be modeled and potentially solved using heuristics and simulation models, and randomized search engines (e.g., Genetic Algorithms, Tabu Search, and Simulated Annealing). Practically, it is difficult and in some cases impossible to include all aspects of SC green practices in the solution achieved with such methods. The proposed framework recommends managerial decision support tools, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), for selecting an applicable strategy for attaining a green and lean supply chain. To this end, AHP is utilized to determine an overall score of combined green proposals based on the ratings and relative importance of the selected green KPIs. This is essential in order to arrive at realistic and comprehensive assessment of the proposed strategies.

In recent years, China’s cross-border e-commerce has flourished, and the transaction volume has increased year by year. Cross-border e-commerce has become a favorable breakthrough point for China's foreign trade. This article mainly studies the action mechanism and model of cross-border e-commerce green supply chain based on customer behavior. Green supply chain partners select 24 secondary indicators of the evaluation system as the input vector. The historical data of each index is collected by field investigation as sample data and brought into the neural network for training. The output vector of the only output layer of the network is used as the evaluation result of the supplier. This paper divides the operation mode of green supply chain into four stages and puts forward improvement tools for the functional modules in each stage. Enterprises can use the tools in the modules to improve the operation efficiency of green supply chain. According to the green level evaluation demand of green supply chain, this paper uses the hierarchical method to evaluate it. According to the survey results, this paper uses arithmetic average method to deal with the operation and establishes a secondary index after decomposition. Finally, this paper uses confirmatory factor analysis to test the measurement model and further uses analysis of variance to test the relationship between the two types of social cues and behavioral willingness. The data shows that the orderly fluctuation range of the east, middle, and west cross-border logistics subsystems basically remains at around 0.2 to 0.6. The results show that the establishment of the green supply chain model has a very positive significance for the implementation and development of the green supply chain in China’s manufacturing industry. Through the research of profit and profit distribution in the green supply chain, it provides guidance for the green supply chain to effectively select the supply chain members to cooperate and calculate and distribute the profit reasonably, so that the green supply chain management can be widely used in reality.

Carbon footprint adaptation on green supply chain and logistics of papaya in Yasothon Province using geographic information system

Green closed-loop supply chain management is an important topic for business operations today because of increasing resource scarcity and environmental issues. Companies not only have to meet environmental regulations, but also must ensure high quality supply chain operation as a means to secure competitive advantages and increase profits. This study proposes a multi-objective mixed integer programming model for an integrated green closed-loop supply chain network designed to maximize profit, amicable production level (environmentally friendly materials and clean technology usage), and quality level. A scenario-based robust optimization method is used to deal with uncertain parameters such as the demand of new products, the return rates of returned products and the sale prices of remanufactured products. The proposed model is applied to a real industry case example of a manufacturing company to illustrate the applicability of the proposed model. The result shows a robust optimal resource allocation solution that considers multiple scenarios. This study can be a reference for closed-loop supply chain related academic research and also can be used to guide the development of a green closed-loop supply chain model for better decision making.

Supply chain management (SCM) has recently attracted significant attention from industry and academia. Unfortunately, strategic supply chain management (SSCM) and its general framework have seldom been addressed. SSCM refers to a situation in which its members always realize the whole direction and strategy when a supply chain carries out various functional activities to achieve a competitive advantage and long-term profit-making position among supply chains in the same industry. This study discusses how to develop not only a supply chain’s overall competitive strategic direction, but also the objective of the entire supply chain with those objectives of its members, thus optimizing the performance of the supply chain. Moreover, this study presents a general SSCM framework including three stages, namely strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. Also discussed herein are the limitations of this study that could be addressed in future.

Companies are increasingly incorporating both social and environmental sustainability into their business activities. Ethical issues along with environmental and labor protection issues are integral components of the supply chain strategy. By implementing the concept of green supply chain, the level of sustainability, supply continuity and long-term business efficiency are improved. Positioning modern supply chains in the context of a green economy and a dynamic business environment is a matter of work. The key goal of this paper is to identify the business implications of the relationship between green supply chains, the environment and economic, social and environmental performance, based on the analysis for the field of research of relevant scientific sources, and to propose a model of "greening" of classic supply chains. of benefit to researchers and company managers. The research contribution of this paper is reflected in the achieved level of development and degree of implementation of sustainability practices in global supply chain management practices, overview of concepts, paradigms and research in the field of green supply chains over a period of twenty years, as well as in examining the impact of leading global supply chains on three main aspects of the environment-climate, water resources and forests. The paper is structured according to the IMRAD principle. The first part points out the different theoretical coverage of the concept of green supply chain. Then a green supply chain model is proposed. Analysis of the development perspective and discussion on the impacts of green chains on the environment is a key topic of the next part of the paper.

Rural tourism serves as an important engine for rural development, but also brings environmental pressure. The balance between sustainability and local economic benefits is critical to rural tourism development in developing countries. Incorporating the theories of green supply chain and front–back stage decoupling, this paper proposes a new model of green tourism supply chain for rural tourism to relieve the dilemma between economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. Back-stage functions have been decoupled from individual rural tourism service units to form shared service centers, which centralize the provision of back-stage functions and generate an independent tier of suppliers in the green Tourism Supply Chain (TSC). Field practice experiences relating to green TSC construction and operation are also discussed. The new structure of green supply chain shows positive environmental and economic effects of rural tourism. It increases the tourism business efficiency without sacrificing the local environment. The paper intends to present a new perspective and explores a new research path to green supply chain research in tourism and other service industries which have been previously limited in manufacturing framework and provide some insights into tourism destination practice.

In this paper, we review simulation and modeling techniques focusing on green and sustainable supply chains. We start by introducing green supply chains and the importance of being aware of environmental friendliness. We show how environmental performance is measured and analyzed, and then discuss the extension of green to sustainable supply chains. Taking into account the complex interrelations within supply chains, we give an overview of modeling and simulation techniques. This enables us to explain how supply chain behavior can be predicted and optimized under a set of given objectives. We conclude by suggesting the possibilities provided by modeling and simulating green and sustainable supply chains and propose future research.

The supply chain is an extremely important and complex system, which is widely related to the social system and the management system. The hierarchical scheduling and production planning of a dynamic supply chain can enable enterprises in the supply chain to obtain, and maintain, stable and lasting competitive advantages; thus, improving the overall competitiveness of the supply chain. Simultaneously, research on supply chains is also a hotspot in system engineering. At present, research on complex supply chain systems with dual channels is insufficient, and analysis of dynamic supply chains with supply failure of goods is rare. In the epidemic era, dynamic supply chain management was affected by the epidemic and became a very challenging topic. The control of the supply chain system under the impact of an epidemic situation is particularly important. This paper focused on H∞ the fault-tolerant control of a complex supply chain system with dual channels. First, from the perspective of engineering practice and green production, we established a new green supply chain model. This supply chain model includes the dual-channel supply of goods and also considers the supply failure of goods. At the same time, production delay and supply delay are also considered in this model. Second, a supply scheduling scheme was designed through cybernetics to ensure the stability of a supply chain with dual channels under supply failure of goods, and we completed supply chain management. Finally, the effectiveness of our results was verified by specific Chinese enterprise data.

当前，我国人造板产业落后产能过剩，资源浪费和环境污染严重，上下游企业之间缺乏有效的合作和协调机制，同时，战略顾客行为对于人造板上下游企业的协调运营决策有着重要的影响。本文结合我国人造板产业实际，界定了人造板三级绿色供应链系统；在增值税即征即退和环境税政策引导下，分别构建了战略顾客行为下的人造板三级绿色供应链收益分享–成本分担契约协调模型和传统人造板绿色供应链收益分享–成本分担契约协调模型，并进行了对比数值分析。研究结果表明：1) 有“门槛”的增值税即征即退补贴的政策以及征收环境税的政策，使得人造板企业有经济动因积极开展绿色供应链管理改进，提高资源能源利用率，提高企业综合运营绩效和竞争能力。2) 无论是传统人造板供应链视角还是人造板绿色供应链视角，收益分享–成本分担契约均可以实现战略顾客行为下人造板三级绿色供应链协调运营，且绿色供应链视角下的人造板供应链及其成员最优利润高于传统供应链视角，人造板供应链及其成员有经济动因实施绿色供应链管理改进。3) 强化地板产品促销价格的高低影响到人造板绿色供应链的优化决策和运营绩效，制定一个较低的促销价格，有利于提高人造板绿色供应链及其成员的绩效。4) 通过自建经济林场、选用经济型枝桠材等措施有效保障枝桠材供应，强化技术研发和工艺流程改进，促进资源能源回收和循环利用，有助于提高人造板绿色供应链的运营绩效。 Currently, China’s wood-based-panel (WBP) industry is faced with backward overcapacity, waste of resources, environmental pollution, with slow growth of downstream product demand and relative shortage of upstream branch-wood supply. Obviously, the development of the upstream does not match with the downstream in the WBP supply chain, and lack of efficient cooperation and coordination. Besides, strategic consumer’s behavior has an important impact on the coordination decision for the upstream and downstream of WBP enterprises. Considering the practice of WBP industry, WBP three-stage green supply chain system with one branch-wood supplier, one WBP manufacturer and one WBP processor is defined; further, under the policy guidance of value- added tax refund and environmental tax collection, the coordination models of WBP three-stage green supply chain and traditional WBP three-stage supply chain, considering the strategic consumer’s behavior, are respectively built via revenue sharing-cost allocation contract, finally, the comparative numerical analysis is carried out. The results show that: 1) The policy of value-added tax refund with threshold and environmental tax collection makes WBP enterprises have econo- mical motivation to implement green supply chain improvement, improving the efficiency of re- sources and energy, and improving the overall performance and competitiveness. 2) No matter under the perspective of traditional WBP supply chain or under the perspective of WBP green supply chain, revenue sharing-cost allocation contract can achieve coordination operations of WBP three-stage green supply chain, considering strategic consumer’s behavior; besides, the optimal profits of WBP supply chain and its members under the perspective of green supply chain are higher than that under the perspective of traditional supply chain. WBP supply chain and its members have economic incentives to implement green supply chain improvements. 3) The pro- motion price of laminate flooring products affects the decision-making and operational perfor- mance of WBP green supply chain, to make a low promotional price is beneficial for improving the performance of WBP green supply chain and its members. 4) Self-construction of the economic forest farm and the choice of economical branch-wood can effectively guarantee the branch-wood supply, enhancing technology development and process improvement can effectively promote the recovery and recycling of resource and energy, which is beneficial for improving the operational performance of the whole WBP supply chain.

A generic modelling framework to evaluate network blood management policies: The Canadian Blood Services experience