Digital Citizenship, Territorial Inequality and Protest Visibility: Tamil Nadu’s Kudankulam and Thoothukudi Struggles

The proliferation of digital communication technologies—particularly social media platforms, instant messaging applications, and mobile devices—has fundamentally transformed how young people engage with language. In Nigeria, where English functions as the official language and medium of instruction, the impact of digital communication practices on students' English language use has become a subject of growing concern among educators, policymakers, and parents. This mixed-methods study investigated the digital communication practices of secondary school students in Bauchi State, Nigeria, and examined the influence of these practices on their English language use, including writing conventions, vocabulary, grammar, and attitudes toward English. A census sample of 40 English teachers and a stratified random sample of 300 students (JS3 and SS2) from six secondary schools across Bauchi State (Bauchi, Tafawa Balewa, Toro, Dass, Bogoro, and Alkaleri LGAs) participated. Quantitative data were collected using the Digital Communication Practices Questionnaire (DCPQ, α=0.86), the English Language Influence Scale (ELIS, α=0.84), and the English Proficiency Test (EPT, KR-20=0.82). Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers and 40 students, as well as analysis of students' social media writing samples. The findings reveal that digital communication is ubiquitous among students: 96% of respondents reported using WhatsApp, 88% reported using YouTube, and 72% reported using Facebook. The average daily screen time was 4.2 hours (SD=2.1). Students reported frequent use of digital language features including abbreviations (94%), non-standard spellings (88%), absence of punctuation (86%), and code-switching between English and Hausa (82%). A moderate negative correlation was found between frequency of digital communication and performance on formal English writing tasks (r = -0.51, p < .01), with students in the top quartile of digital language use scoring 31 percentage points lower on the EPT writing section compared to students in the bottom quartile. However, digital practices also showed positive influences: 76% of students reported that online English content (YouTube tutorials, educational websites) improved their vocabulary and comprehension. Teachers expressed concern about "digitalese" (abbreviated, non-standard English) transferring to formal academic writing, with 84% reporting that students increasingly use text-message abbreviations in examinations. Digital communication practices in Bauchi State have a dual influence on English language use: they facilitate access to English-language content and informal learning opportunities but simultaneously contribute to the erosion of standard writing conventions. The study concludes that rather than condemning digital language practices, educators should leverage them as pedagogical resources while explicitly teaching register awareness—the ability to distinguish between informal digital communication and formal academic writing. Integrate digital literacy into English curriculum; train teachers to address "digitalese" constructively; develop context-appropriate materials that bridge informal and formal English; and conduct parental awareness programs on monitoring students' digital engagement.

Climate change, acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, species extinction—all of these issues point to one thing: environmental health is a global issue that concerns all nations of the world. Now add environmental justice to the list. From South Bronx to Soweto, from Penang to El Paso, communities all over the world are finding commonality in their experiences and goals in seeking environmental justice. Environmental justice was defined by Robert Bullard, director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, in his seminal 1990 work Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality as “the principle that all people and communities are entitled to equal protection of environmental and public health laws and regulations.” In countries around the world, the concept of environmental justice can apply to communities where those at a perceived disadvantage—whether due to their race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, immigration status, lack of land ownership, geographic isolation, formal education, occupational characteristics, political power, gender, or other characteristics—puts them at disproportionate risk for being exposed to environmental hazards. At a global scale, environmental justice can also be applied to scenarios such as industrialized countries exporting their wastes to developing nations. In either case, “environmental and human rights have no boundaries, because pollution has no boundaries,” says Heeten Kalan, senior program officer of the Global Environmental Health and Justice Fund of the New World Foundation in New York City. “Environmental justice organizations are starting to understand that they are working in a global context.”

The Origins of Identity Politics

Environmental JusticeVol. 14, No. 3 Calls for PapersFree AccessCall for Papers: 30th Anniversary of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership SummitDeadline for Manuscript Submission: December 31, 2021Guest Editors: Peggy M. Shepard and Crystal Romeo UppermanGuest Editors: Peggy M. ShepardWE ACT for Environmental Justice, New York, New York, USASearch for more papers by this author and Crystal Romeo UppermanAclima, Inc., San Francisco, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:16 Jun 2021https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.29007.cfpAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail The 21st century environmental justice movement will look very different from its 20th century progenitor. Much has changed in the way our world communicates, mobilizes, and governs. This special issue of Environmental Justice will capture the history of environmental justice across the United States, showcasing how the movement has evolved. Moreover, the issue will chart a wireframe of the future of environmental justice in its domestic home of the United States and its international propagation globally.The First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, in 1991, where the 17 Principles of Environmental Justice were developed and ratified, propelled the environmental justice movement beyond its antecedent focus to include issues of environmental/public health, worker safety, land use, transportation, housing, resource allocation, and community organizing, base building and enfranchisement. The convening also demonstrated the possibility of building a multiracial grassroots movement around environmental and economic justice, which led to the principles of environmental justice, regional and identity-based networks, academic careers and majors, impact on the EPA, state and city regulations, and advisory boards.This special issue will celebrate the 30th anniversary of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit. It will explore the following key questions: What is the history of the environmental justice movement from 1991 to 2020, and how has the movement evolved across the regions of the United States?What is the shared vision of environmental justice that can help create action toward curbing environmental externalities and climate impacts for highly burdened communities?Can the international adoption of the tenets of environmental justice advance and lessen the Global North and Global South divide in addressing climate change?What resources, tools, technologies, and new policies are essential to catalyze the environmental justice movement of the 21st century with the rapid adoption of renewable energy as a replacement for fossil fuels?What is the role of funders (foundations and government) and researchers within and adjacent to the environmental justice movement?All manuscripts should be submitted online by December 31, 2021. All submissions will be subject to a rigorous peer review. We are interested in original research, articles, editorials, policy briefs, legal analyses, reviews, history essays, perspectives, tools for education, empowerment and action, and methodology papers on these topics and others from diverse stakeholders representing all sectors (environmental justice organizations, academia, government, nonprofit, community, private sector, etc.).Topics may revisit the 17 Principles of Environmental Justice, discuss their application and propose new principles; discuss how they have been used, how to better actualize them, and how they can be integrated into the manner in which agencies and organizations operationalize environmental justice work.Suggested topic areas may also include, among others:Yesterday, today, and tomorrow: keys that led to the successes of the past and ways to elevate community engagement and mobilization for the future.The role of technology and geospatial tools in bolstering government decision-making toward the attainment of environmental parity.Environmental justice to locally led action: ways in which grassroots organizations in the Global South can move the needle on systemic issues tied to the vestiges of colonization.Building an environmental justice movement that is reflective of shared principles in a global society.Meaningful and authentic environmental justice engagement for sectors that have yet to engage or are looking to reverse historical aggression toward grassroots organizations.Regenerative environmental justice movements: leadership expansion and transition for successful intergenerational organizing.Science to support environmental justice: filling the gaps necessary to make the case for causality and support bold policy actions.Gaps in the law: how jurisprudence and hearty environmental regulation can continue to embrace a connection with environmental ethics and social justice.Visit Environmental Justice at https://home.liebertpub.com/publications/environmental-justice/259 to learn more, read past issues, and view author submission guidelines (https://home.liebertpub.com/publications/environmental-justice/259/for-authors).Queries to the editor to propose a topic prior to submission are encouraged. Please contact Peggy Shepard at peggy.m.shepard@gmail.com and Dr. Crystal Romeo Upperman at crystal.romeo@gmail.com to initiate your query or for any further details.Visit the Instructions for Authors:www.liebertpub.com/envSubmit your paper for peer review online:https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/envFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 14Issue 3Jun 2021 InformationCopyright 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishersTo cite this article:Guest Editors: Peggy M. Shepard and Crystal Romeo Upperman.Call for Papers: 30th Anniversary of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit.Environmental Justice.Jun 2021.233-234.http://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.29007.cfpPublished in Volume: 14 Issue 3: June 16, 2021PDF download

Latina/o environmental justice literature, prompted by organizing against environmental racism and for ecologically linked social responsibility, emerges in the late 20th century, but environmental justice literary interpretation and critical theory examines texts from any period of Latina/o literature, engaging the nexus of nature, culture, and environmental degradation and justice. Latina/o environmental justice literature includes many genres (fiction, poetry, nonfiction, memoir, testimonio, and performance art, to name a few) and has umbilical connections to a large body of lived experience, longstanding theory and praxis, traditional environmental knowledge (TEK), and environmental justice movement activism. This body of literary poetics that followed the emergence and naming of the environmental justice movement in the 1980s had precursors in the cultural poetics of the civil rights movement and related struggles for justice, equality, nonviolence, feminisms, human rights, and environmental protection. Antecedents to Latina/o environmental justice literature are found in oral literature, pre-Columbian texts, and subsequent Latina/o writing. Definitions of environmental justice within the context of the burgeoning environmental justice movement in the latter decades of the 20th century contribute to interpretations of the literature from this period forward. The last decades of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century saw environmental justice themes emerge in many genres, and Latina/o literature made significant contributions to the broader field. Studies of cultural poetics of environmental justice contributed to that diversity. Contemporary environmental justice literary scholarship summarizes past approaches, traces ongoing work, and offers future directions—redefining and rebirthing environmental justice and climate justice poetics, given global warming and resulting climate change.

At a time when the US federal government failed to act on climate change, California's success as a subnational climate policy leader has been widely celebrated. However, California's landmark climate law drove a wedge between two segments of the state's environmental community. On one side was a coalition of “market-oriented” environmental social movement organizations (SMOs), who allied with private corporations to advance market-friendly climate policy. On the other side was a coalition of “justice-oriented” environmental SMOs, who viewed capitalist markets as the problem and sought climate policy that would mitigate the uneven distribution of environmental harms within the state. The social movement literature is not well equipped to understand this case, in which coalitional politics helped one environmental social movement succeed in its policy objectives at the expense of another. In this chapter, we draw on legislative and regulatory texts, archival material, and interviews with relevant political actors to compare the policymaking influence of each of these coalitions, and we argue that the composition of the two coalitions is the key to understanding why one was more successful than the other. At the same time, we point out the justice-oriented coalition's growing power, as market-oriented SMOs seek to preserve their legitimacy.

Platform ruralism: Digital platforms and the techno-spatial fix

Author’s Introduction Over the last 25 years, the environmental justice movement has emerged from its earliest focus on US social movements combating environmental racism to an influential global phenomenon. Environmental justice research has also undergone spectacular growth and diffusion in the last two decades. From its earliest roots in sociology, the field is now firmly entrenched in several different academic disciplines including geography, urban planning, public health, law, ethnic studies, and public policy. Environmental justice refers simultaneously to a vibrant and growing academic research field, a system of social movements aimed at addressing various environmental and social inequalities, and public policies crafted to ameliorate conditions of environmental and social injustice. Academia is responding to this social problem by offering courses under various rubrics, such as ‘Race, Poverty and the Environment, Environmental Racism, Environmental Justice’, ‘Urban Planning, Public Health And Environmental Justice’, and so on. Courses on environmental justice offer students opportunities to critically and reflexively explore issues of race and racism, social inequality, social movements, public/environmental health, public policy and law, and intersections of science and policy. Integrating modules on environmental justice can help professors engage students in action research, service learning, and more broadly, critical pedagogy. This article offers an overview of the current state of the field and offers a range of resources for teaching concepts of environmental racism, inequality and injustice in the classroom. Author recommends Pellow, D. and R. Brulle 2005. Power, Justice and the Environment : a Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The primary focus of this edited collection is to offer a ‘Critical Appraisal’ of the environmental justice movement. The articles in this book are strong, focused on broad areas of: critical assessment, new strategies, and the challenge of globalization. Downey, L. and B. Hawkins 2008. ‘Race, Income, and Environmental Inequality in the United States.’ Sociological Perspectives 51 : 759–81 . This article is an effective overview of the current sociological literature on environmental inequality using quantitative methods. L. Cole and S. Foster 2001. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Ris of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York: New York University Press The primary focus of this book is an overview of the US Environmental Justice Movement. Unique in itself, the authors, an activist lawyer and law professor, offer a well‐written overview of the movement. Taylor, Dorceta E. 2000. ‘The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm: Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses.’ American Behavioral Scientist 43 : 508–80. A leading environmental justice scholar discusses the issue of injustice framing. Morello‐Frosch, R. A. 2002. ‘Discrimination and the Political Economy of Environmental Inequality.’ Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20(2002): 477–96. In a critique that focuses on the political economy of place, geography, and ethnic studies, Morello‐Frosch integrates relevant social and legal theories with a spatialized economic critique to formulate a more supple theory of environmental discrimination that focuses on historical patterns of industrial development and racialized labor markets, suburbanization and segregation, and economic restructuring. Pastor, Manuel, Rachel Morello‐Frosch, James Sadd, Carlos Porras and Michele Prichard 2005. ‘Citizens, Science, and Data Judo: Leveraging Secondary Data Analysis to Build a Community‐Academic Collaborative for Environmental Justice in Southern California,’ in Methods For Conducting Community‐Based Participatory Research For Health , edited by Barbara A. Israel, Eugenia Eng, Amy J. Schulz and Edith A. Parker. San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass. Exemplary reflexive analysis of the power of research as intervention in environmental justice struggles. Online materials 25 stories from the Central Valley: http://twentyfive.ucdavis.edu Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta: http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/ US EPA Environmental Justice: http://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/ Environmental Justice of Field Studies: University of Michigan: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/environmentaljusticefieldstudies/home Center on Race, Poverty and the Environment: http://www.crpe‐ej.org/ National Black Environmental Justice Network: http://www.nbejn.org/ Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative: http://www.ejcc.org/ Environmental Justice Project: http://ej.ucdavis.edu/ Sample syllabus Ethnic Studies 103: Environmental Racism Fall 2008 Instructor:

Introduction In this chapter, we briefly detail the growth of the US environmental justice movement and one of its offshoots, the international climate-justice movement. This movement is attempting to “put a human face” on climate change. The “Bali Principles of Climate Justice” shift climate change from a scientific–technical issue to one of human rights and environmental justice. We then look at how these issues can be communicated in disadvantaged communities: Roxbury, a predominantly African-American area in Boston, Massachusetts; and in poor, rural communities in the western United States documented in a 2001 study by the University of Oregon Program for Watershed and Community Health (now Resource Innovation), focusing on wildfire management and preparedness. Environmental justice Environmental justice concerns have been around in North America since the Conquest of Columbus in 1492. Yet, as a social movement, Faber (1998: 1) calls the US environmental justice movement “a new wave of grassroots environmentalism” and Anthony (1998: ix) calls it “the most striking thing to emerge in the US environmental movement.” Whether it developed “in” the environmental movement or “from” the civil rights movement is perhaps a moot point. However, the US environmental justice movement , as opposed to environmental justice concerns , is generally believed to have started around fall 1982, when a large protest erupted in Warren County, North Carolina. The state wanted to dump more than 6,000 truckloads of soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into what was euphemistically described as “a secure landfill.” The protesters came from miles around.

In recent years, attention within the sustainability transitions literature has focused on the politics of deliberately accelerating sustainability transitions. One core strand of this research has been to understand the role of coalition-building in supporting or undermining decarbonisation efforts. This scholarly work has clear synergies with the on-the-ground environmental justice movement, yet to date there has been limited exchange between this new literature and environmental justice movements. This perspective paper addresses this gap through examining three core areas of important and meaningful overlap between the environmental justice movement and the scholarly literature. These synergies centre around the praxis of building coalitions, understandings of power and appreciation of justice. In the context of climate breakdown, and the need to accelerate transitions to more just and sustainable futures, this perspective paper aims to lay the groundwork for more meaningful exchange between the scholarly literature and on-the-ground environmental movement.

Unconventional tin mining on Bangka Island, Indonesia, has caused severe environmental and social consequences, particularly for indigenous communities like the Lom people. The key causes driving their resistance include deforestation, water pollution, and the appropriation of ancestral lands without proper consultation, which disrupt access to clean water, food sources, and traditional livelihoods, threatening their well-being and cultural heritage. This study employs a qualitative descriptive case study approach to explore the experiences of the Lom community in three hamlets: Air Abik, Pejem, and Tuing. The research aims to (1) examine the role of traditional rituals in the Lom people’s resistance against mining activities, (2) analyze how these rituals foster cultural identity and community solidarity, and (3) explore the broader implications of indigenous knowledge systems in advocating for environmental justice and indigenous rights. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the role of traditional rituals in their resistance movements. The findings reveal that the Lom people’s rituals, rooted in centuries-old indigenous knowledge, serve as powerful tools for resistance. These rituals assert cultural identity, foster community solidarity, and defend ancestral lands. Beyond their cultural significance, rituals provide moral, emotional, and social cohesion while serving as platforms for advocacy. They enable collaboration with external allies such as environmental activists and academic institutions. Through these efforts, the Lom community safeguards their cultural heritage, livelihoods, and legal rights against mining encroachment. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its exploration of traditional rituals not merely as cultural expressions but as strategic mechanisms for resistance and advocacy. By highlighting the intersection of indigenous knowledge systems, environmental justice, and social movements, this research contributes to broader discussions on the role of cultural practices in addressing contemporary environmental and social challenges. This study concludes that indigenous rituals are more than symbolic expressions; they are critical strategies for promoting environmental justice and protecting indigenous rights. By highlighting the role of indigenous knowledge systems, this study underscores the importance of traditional rituals in achieving environmental and social justice.

Daniel A. Vallero, P. Aarne Vesilind, Socially Responsible Engineering: Justice in Risk Management

Review: Environmental Justice and Sustainability in the Former Soviet Union Julian Agyeman and Yelena Ogneva-Himmelberger (Eds.) Reviewed by Peter C. Little Orgeon State University, USA Agyeman, Julian and Ogneva-Himmelberger, Yelena (Eds.). Environmental Justice and Sustainability in the Former Soviet Union. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2009. 320pp. ISBN 9780262512336. US$25, paper. The central questions grounding Environmental Justice and Sustainability in the Former Soviet Union are 1) To what extent are increased popular environmental awareness and associated activism driving public policy and planning in the former Soviet republics, and 2) Are there emergent, separate brown (environmental justice) and green (environmentally sustainable development) agendas or are these joining together in a single just sustainability or human security agenda (p.4). This is one of the first books addressing these questions to make sense of environmental justice and sustainability struggles unfolding in countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU), which is now a post-Soviet geopolitical landscape made up of fifteen republics. The book unpacks the laws, politics, and economics germane to this region of the world that in turn exacerbate struggles for “just sustainability,” a term Agyeman helped coin in an earlier publication (Agyeman, Bullard, and Evans (Eds), Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003). It begins with an introduction that provides a brief history of the environmental movement in Russia, the diversity of the movement and tactics of civic engagement, the rise of non-governmental organizations supporting movement agendas, and the common interest among activists to connect sustainability, public health, and environmental justice. The majority of the contributing authors to the book contend there “is the emergence of at least a justice-informed environmental discourse in the former Soviet Union, if not a full-fledged environmental justice or a just sustainability/human security agenda” (p.9). The remaining chapters explore a diversity topics and issues germane to civic struggles in countries of the FSU. Brian Donahoe explores the critical role of the contemporary and unstable Russian legal system and therefore the regulatory system for understanding environmental protection and indigenous peoples’ rights. Donahoe exposes the fact that the enforcement of laws are weak and ineffective largely because, as he puts it “these laws are only very general framework laws. The actual details of their implementation are supposed to be hammered out at the regional level. As a result, they are inconsistently interpreted and unevenly enforced” (p.25). He does a good job of also explaining the chronic uneasiness with democracy in Russia, noting that the Putin-Medvedev administration has made at least some judicial reforms that dovetail with the goals of environmental activists. Other chapters look at the ways in which sustainable development has been incorporated into Russia’s nation-building program as a response to economic crisis and because of strategic pressure from actors engaged in the Russian environmental movement (2); indigenous protest on Sakhalin Island (3) and in subarctic Russia (8) to protect natural resources, culture, and identity (3); petro-capital resistance in Azerbaijan (4) and Kazakhstan (7), and pipeline resistance in Russia’s Tanka National Park (5); the meshing of culture and nationalism to inform environmental action in Latvia (6); and environmental justice and sustainability activism in Estonia (9) and Tajikistan (10). The book concludes with the thought that environmental justice and sustainability movements in the former Soviet Union vary “according to the complex of sociocultural, socioeconomic, political, ethnic, and nationalistic factors that currently define, and are reshaping, the republics” (p.280). This book does an excellent job of exposing this variation, as well as the boundary-crossing human security interests that bring diverse activists and stakeholders together in their shared struggle for a better life. The book will excite scholars and activist interested in environmental justice, sustainability, environmental social science, and post-Soviet studies. Peter C. Little , PhD candidate, Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Electronic Green Journal, Issue 30, Spring 2010, ISSN:1076-7975

Earth System at Risk: Challenging Environmental (In)Justice

In age of ecology, personal is ecological. violent threat to Earth requires an emphatic response from social workers. social work profession's call is to witness this crisis in unique and creative ways that will integrate Earth into center of our psychosocial lives. social, political, and commercial landscape is connected to natural environment. There is mounting evidence of environmental destruction. Global warming caused by burning of fossil fuels and by deforestation is forecast to alter climate patterns worldwide, increasing drought, threatening integrity of natural ecosystems, and producing millions of environmental refugees (Clark, 1992). Indeed, the next ten years could determine future of (Chiras, 1992, p. 9). Earth as Spirit In 1979 Lovelock introduced his Gaia hypothesis, which maintains that complex Earth ecological system operates in a self-regulating manner characteristic of something alive, as though it has a living spirit: We now see that air, ocean and soil are much more than a mere environment for life, they are a part of life itself.... air is to life just as is fur to a cat or nest for a bird (Lovelock, cited in Gore, 1992, p. 264). American Indians have understood and respected Earth for centuries with a sense of sacred connection that is available to all of us. Once we acknowledge that if Earth's environment is destroyed humankind ultimately is destroyed, we perceive a seamless web that unites all living forms. Environmental relationship, justice, and integrity must occupy a position of utmost priority for profession. policy of National Association of Social Workers (NASW) on environmental issues emphasizes that person-in-environment gives social workers a unique understanding of impact of environmental abuse on physical and mental health of our clients and ourselves (NASW, 1994, p. 104). This policy statement stresses that social workers must recognize their personal responsibility for conservation and preservation of environment's existing resources and demonstrate leadership in these areas. Ecological Models for Social Issues Social workers can demonstrate leadership in this crisis by responding in imaginative and meaningful ways. Already there are people involved in environmental justice movement - transpersonal therapists and ecologists. They are addressing traditional social work domains of civil rights, urban housing, youth programs, and clinical practice. Civil Rights In New Mexico, South West Network for Environmental and Economic Justice serves an area of seven states and responds to needs of natural environment. Richard Moore, project coordinator, proclaimed, The environmental justice movement is concerned not only with air and water issues; we also see environment as places we work, play, and live (personal communication, September 16, 1993). Moore is using civil rights laws to address environmental problems because Environmental Protection Agency's regulations are defined too narrowly. Urban Housing This holistic approach to environment is also practiced by activist Hazel Johnson. As Rosa Parks of environmental movement, she is organizer of People for Community Recovery (PCR). Johnson organized PCR in 1982 in Altgeld Gardens, a Chicago Housing Authority project constructed over a former garbage dump. mission of PCR is to educate public on extent and effect of hazardous and toxic conditions in low-income communities (Johnson, 1993). PCR is one of growing number of environmental education and advocacy organizations in country that have their roots in low-income areas. These community-based environmental movements in culturally diverse neighborhoods are collaborating with organizations such as Greenpeace and are diversifying environmental movement. …