Differential Fertility in California in 1930: The Racial Aspect

This article hypothesizes that economic reforms become sustainable when the discursive conditions prevailing in society tip against the existing paradigm under exceptional circumstances. Thus, unless the pro-liberalization constituencies dominate the development discourse, economic reforms, initiated under the exigencies of crisis and conditionalities, or carried out by a convinced executive with or without the stimulus of a crisis, will be reversed. The discursive conditions are determined based on eight factors: the dominant view of international intellectuals, illustrative country cases, executive orientations, political will, the degree and the perceived causes of economic crisis, attitudes on the part of donor agencies, and the perceived outcomes of economic reforms. The paper seeks to prove this “discursive dominance” hypothesis for the Indian case through a cross-temporal, comparative review of the evolution of economic policy in India over six different phases.

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THE declining birth rate and the falling off of population growth, the changing age composition of the population, differentials in fertility, and the reshuffling of the population in search of social and economic opportunity-all these phenomena are creating political, economic, and social problems of the first magnitude. Conditions created by these population changes must be taken into consideration in formulating social policy whether in the area of government, economy, or education. From the very large number of publications containing basic data on population change only a few can be selected for comment. A report of the National Resources Planning Board (47) presented significant data on many aspects of population change, including growth in relation to economic opportunity, population redistribution, regional and racial differences in reproduction rates, health and physical development, and social development and education. Davis and others (6) prepared an extensive analysis of the problems of world population in transition. One of the contributions to this symposium deals with the changing population of the United States and another with the issues involved in the development of population policy. Thompson (44) and Landis (26) each prepared comprehensive general treatments of population problems. In another volume Thompson (45) introduced the lay-reader to the major problems of population change, including considerations involved in formulating a population policy for the United States. In their estimates of future population in the United States Thompson and Whelpton (46) supply invaluable basic data for social scientists working in many areas. Lorimer and others (29) in their discussions of the foundations of an American population policy presented significant data on population trends, including among other things the relation of population to investment and economic enterprise, the social aspects of population change, and the changing pattern of the family. The problems which population change poses for democratic societies were treated by Myrdal (30). More specialized treatments also provide data of value to educators. Group differences in urban fertility have been analyzed by Kiser (25). Edwards (12, 13) presented data on the pressure of population in the resource structure of rural America and Taeuber (42) and Baker (1) dealt with the role of migration in the adjustment of the rural population. The pressure of population on resources by regions and the need of outward migration from certain regions were analyzed by Goodrich (17).

THE declining birth rate and the falling off of population growth, the changing age composition of the population, differentials in fertility, and the reshuffling of the population in search of social and economic opportunity-all these phenomena are creating political, economic, and social problems of the first magnitude. Conditions created by these population changes must be taken into consideration in formulating social policy whether in the area of government, economy, or education. From the very large number of publications containing basic data on population change only a few can be selected for comment. A report of the National Resources Planning Board (47) presented significant data on many aspects of population change, including growth in relation to economic opportunity, population redistribution, regional and racial differences in reproduction rates, health and physical development, and social development and education. Davis and others (6) prepared an extensive analysis of the problems of world population in transition. One of the contributions to this symposium deals with the changing population of the United States and another with the issues involved in the development of population policy. Thompson (44) and Landis (26) each prepared comprehensive general treatments of population problems. In another volume Thompson (45) introduced the lay-reader to the major problems of population change, including considerations involved in formulating a population policy for the United States. In their estimates of future population in the United States Thompson and Whelpton (46) supply invaluable basic data for social scientists working in many areas. Lorimer and others (29) in their discussions of the foundations of an American population policy presented significant data on population trends, including among other things the relation of population to investment and economic enterprise, the social aspects of population change, and the changing pattern of the family. The problems which population change poses for democratic societies were treated by Myrdal (30). More specialized treatments also provide data of value to educators. Group differences in urban fertility have been analyzed by Kiser (25). Edwards (12, 13) presented data on the pressure of population in the resource structure of rural America and Taeuber (42) and Baker (1) dealt with the role of migration in the adjustment of the rural population. The pressure of population on resources by regions and the need of outward migration from certain regions were analyzed by Goodrich (17).

Comment on “Japan's Higher Education Policies under Global Challenges”

The Pure Theory of Government Finance: A Suggested Approach

This is a talk, delivered at the Fourth (1959) World Congress of the International Sociological Association, Stresa, Italy, commenting upon papers which had been presented by Charles Bettelheim and Gunnar Myrdal. The full text has never been published before. When I was invited to comment on the papers of Professors Bettelheim and Myrdal, I was instructed to pay special attention to planning in my own country. In the case of the United States, however, following this most reasonable directive runs into a major obstacle: it necessitates speaking about something that hardly exists. If I have decided, nevertheless, to be a disciplined participant in the work of the Congress and to comply as best I can with the terms of the invitation, it is because the most tempting avenues of evasion have been effectively barred by Professors Bettelheim and Myrdal. If I should seek a way out by talking about economic and social planning where it actually takes place or where it is at least seriously attempted,This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Independent India is seventy years old (1947–2017) and may be the fastest-growing economy in the world. Yet, poverty, inequalities, and digital divides continue to bedevil the Indian economy. This combined paradox of economic success and deprivation for many makes the study of Indian political economy complex, interesting, and consequential. Academic assessment of India affects the lives and livelihood of millions of people. India and South Asia are engaged in a consequential “human drama,” an evocative phrase used by Gunnar Myrdal (see Myrdal 1968, cited under Political Economy of the Nehruvian State). What could be more important to study? Every economic and social analysis of India needs to be based in an understanding of the background of politics and economics, especially their intersections. If we talk of economic growth, we need to simultaneously bring in our understanding of the basis of that growth or the issues of distributional impact. Almost all economic challenges faced by a developing and poor yet growing economy bring political and economic questions and facts to the fore. Political economy is at the heart of India and its ongoing developmental trajectory. Political economy analysis of India, therefore, spans a fascinating set of debates and scholarly issues. More recently, as the Indian economy has become more complex, new approaches, questions, and literature have emerged, making the study of India’s political economy a large, productive, and sprawling field. This collection of relevant citations starts with general books, which are large topic-based compendiums and edited volumes covering a large range of material and themes. They are good starting points for any researcher, as they bring together a number of authors and approaches under one book cover. India’s developmental trajectory can be broken into two broad phases. The first of these is the Nehruvian period, which, it could be argued, lasted until 1991. Then, in 1991, sustainable economic reforms set India onto a new growth path. The logic of the origins of reforms must be distinguished from the logic of the sustainability of reforms. Thus, the reform period 1985–current can be broken into two separate phases. This article is organized according to the following structure. The first section focuses on General Overviews of India’s politics and political economy. The next section focuses on the Political Economy of the Nehruvian State, which underlies the Nehruvian model of development. Some thematic subsections are also interspersed: Agrarian Political Economy and Regional Political Economy and Federalism apart from class and societal analysis of the liberalization period. Then, the rest of the bibliographic paper is organized by the different phases of the Political Economy of Economic Reforms in India, including Recent Monographs on Political Economy, the Reforms of the 1980s, and the Reforms of the 1990s, followed by more thematic subsections. A separate subsection is devoted to policy and institutional studies and Class Analysis, Labor, and Politics of Reforms.

Ethnic groups have had differing demographic responses to economic and population policies in peninsular Malaysia. Of 14 million inhabitants in 1988 58% were Malay 32% Chinese and 10% India. While the national fertility rate began falling in the late 1950s this trend was not uniform over these main ethnic groups. Although the total fertility rate (TFR) for Chinese and Indians steadily declines the TFR for the Malay population leveled off in the mid 1970s. The TFR for Malays reversed from being the lowest among the three ethnic groups in the 1950s to become the highest; the gap between Malay and non-Malay population growth rates has steadily widened since the mid 1970s. Analysis of micro-level data from the first and second Malaysian Family Life surveys of 1976 and 1988 indicate that the New Economic and New Population Policies reduced desired fertility for Chinese and Indians but had a modest pronatalist effect upon Malays. These results clearly demonstrate that differential response to broad-based population policies may change the ethnic composition of populations. Moreover if current policy remains in effect in peninsular Malaysia current demographic trends will most likely persist.

THE ANTI-OLIGARCHY POPULAR CONSTITUTION

In China, as in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, economic reform initiatives seek to increase productivity by introducing elements of market-oriented policies and institutions into an economy formerly dominated by state planning. Efforts to evaluate the impact of reform of Chinese industry have focused on the measurement of productivity change in state enterprises. This study expands the prior framework of analysis in several directions. Our investigation of productivity trends is not limited to state enterprises but includes quantitative comparisons with China's fast-growing collective industries, which contributed 36% of overall industrial output in 1988.1 Unlike previous studies, our analysis works with gross rather than net output. This permits us to investigate changes in the productivity of intermediate inputs, which occupy a large portion of total costs in Chinese industry, as well as labor and capital. To do this, we develop a "quasi-frontier" estimation procedure which seems appropriate for comparisons of total factor productivity based on Chinese industrial data. Finally, we offer a quantitative perspective on the extent to which reform efforts have moved industrial resource allocation toward patterns expected of a market system. The analysis confirms our previous finding, based on a restricted framework employing only labor, fixed capital, and net output, that multifactor productivity in state industry has risen substantially during

Population issues and population policies have evolved considerably between the 20th and the 21st centuries. In the 1970s, most countries confronted rapid population growth, and this situation was particularly severe in Asia. Today, on the contrary, more than half of the world population is experiencing low fertility and population aging, and several countries with very low fertility are facing the prospect of depopulation. Only one region, i.e., sub-Saharan Africa, still experiences high fertility levels. Similarly, the discussions about whether and how to intervene on population trends have also evolved over the past 70 years. Demographically focused approaches to family planning provision were dominant views in the second half of the 20th century. However, since the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994, international population policy paradigms have been reframed to stress the freedom of couples and the reproductive rights of individuals. Consequently, policy interventions have favored client-focused and gender-sensitive approaches. Finally, to help chart the way forward, population policies will need to consider several key elements, broadening from a focus on support for family planning to an array of policy instruments including health, education, and culture, all of which shape future populations. This new policy framework includes the prioritization of interventions, policy consensus building, the selection of priority constituencies, the institutionalization and funding of policies, and the promotion of evidence-based and research-driven policies. In addition, in order to adapt their interventions to local contexts, population policies will need to be holistic, to promote integrated interventions, and to align with international development frameworks.

Journal Article Population, A Problem for Democracy. By Gunnar Myrdal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940. 237 pp. $2.00 Get access Rupert B. Vance Rupert B. Vance University of North Carolina. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 19, Issue 3, March 1941, Pages 440–441, https://doi.org/10.2307/2570752 Published: 01 March 1941

Reviewed by: After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economy Peter Mandler (bio) After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economy, by Murray Milgate and Shannon C. Stimson; pp. x + 306. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009, $35.00, £24.95. Thirty years ago the history of political economy played a central role in Victorian studies. The social concerns that had driven the rise of Victorian studies since the Second World War led to vigorous scholarly debates about population growth, industrialization, class, poor laws, factories, laissez faire, and state intervention. An understanding of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and J. S. Mill was crucial to an understanding of the terms in which the Victorians dealt with these questions. Looking forward, even the history of Victorian social criticism from Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin to the origins of the Labour party couldn't be understood except in the context of continuities with as well as reactions against classical political economy. Looking backward, a rediscovery of Smith's civic-republican and civic-moralist roots helped to explain his curious relevance to the left as much as to the right up to the present day. As late as the 1980s, the work of Donald Winch, Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, Boyd Hilton, and others added vigorously to our understanding of the complexities of the Scottish Enlightenment and the ways in which its thinking was embedded in Victorian social and political thought as well as social and political reform. It is fair to say that all of these questions—and their answers—appear rather shopworn today. The social concerns of the postwar decades, revolving around class, have been substantially displaced by new concerns for nation, race, and gender. The hegemony of neoclassical economics since the 1980s has, oddly, put its critics off from examining its classical roots—it was more comfortable, perhaps, to look away. Postmodernism's interest in political economy stretched only so far as was necessary to explode its naive epistemology; exploring its inner workings seemed irrelevant at best, a trap that might draw you back into the system at worst. After Adam Smith, by Murray Milgate and Shannon C. Stimson, seeks to rectify this omission. Aimed explicitly at neoclassical economists' misunderstanding and misappropriation of Smith's legacy, it seeks both to restore Smith's concepts to the late-eighteenth-century context in which they developed and to show how subsequent generations revised those concepts for their own uses and their own contexts—particularly in the immediate, early-nineteenth-century aftermath of Smith's own time. Despite the title, more than a third of the book is devoted to Smith himself, to his ideas about economic growth, liberty, and civil society, and to the wide variety of possible relations between economics and politics. By the authors' own admission, the analysis here rests heavily on Winch's pioneering work. They then move on, in their most interesting chapter, to Dugald Stewart's representation of Smith, narrowing a loose and suggestive body of thought into a science of legislation—"and economic legislation at that" (109). Subsequent chapters remind us that Stewart did not have the last word. Malthus's introduction of the population question—a specific polemical animus against 1790s [End Page 319] utopianism—was claimed both as an elaboration of and as a repudiation of Smith's legacy. James Mill's and Ricardo's applications of utilitarianism to political economy is shown to have ambiguous implications for the idea of democracy. At this point, Milgate and Stimson temporarily abandon the legacy of Smith as a focal point for the book—reasonably enough given the radical transformations in the political environment between the 1770s and the 1820s. They resume the Smithian theme in a discussion of how far the dynamic elements of Smith's thinking were affected by early-nineteenth-century utopianism and ideas about the stationary state. In an unusual deviation from the canonical figures, Milgate and Stimson then consider Ricardian socialism—or, rather, one particular Ricardian socialist, Thomas Hodgskin—and the relationship of radical political economy to Smith and Ricardo. Returning to the earlier discussion of utilitarianism, they consider J. S. Mill...

This research systematically reviews the relationship between populism and economic policies, analyzing their impact on state development and growth. It is the first study to comprehensively examine the interaction between these two concepts through a systematic literature review. The review process adhered to the PRISMA protocol, utilizing the Scopus, EBSCO, and Web of Science databases, covering the period from 2012 to 2024. The findings reveal a deep interconnection between populism and economic policies, with significant implications for governance and socioeconomic well-being. The review identifies that neoliberal populism combines pro-corporate elements with populist rhetoric, favoring economic elites while presenting itself as beneficial for the “people.” Additionally, it underscores that neoliberal globalization has facilitated market liberalization but also increased inequality and undermined national sovereignty. The review concludes that while populism may offer quick fixes to immediate economic issues, its simplistic and polarizing approaches can be counterproductive in the long term. Thus, there is a critical need to reevaluate and reformulate economic and governance policies to balance global economic integration with the protection of citizens’ rights and well-being.