Different land use types around megacities contribute contrasting heavy metal pollution and health risks in soil-leaf vegetable systems.

Soil microbes in urban ecosystems are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors resulting from changes in land use. However, the influence of different types of land use on soil microbial properties and soil quality in urban areas remains largely unknown. Here, by comparing five types of land use: natural forest, park, agriculture, street green and roadside trees, we examined the effects of different land uses on soil microbial biomass and microbial functional diversity in B eijing, C hina. We found that soil properties varied with land uses in urban environments. Compared to natural forest, soil nutrients under the other four types of urban land use were markedly depleted, and accumulation of C u, Z n, P b and C d was apparent. Importantly, under these four types of land use, there was less microbial biomass, but it had greater functional diversity, particularly in the roadside‐tree soils. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the microbial characteristics and physicochemical properties, such as organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus ( P < 0.05), suggesting that lack of nutrients was the major reason for the decrease in microbial biomass. In addition, the larger C / N ratio, N i concentration and pool of organic matter together with a higher p H contributed to the increase in microbial functional diversity in urban soils. We concluded that different land uses have indirect effects on soil microbial biomass and microbial community functional diversity through their influence on soil physicochemical properties, especially nutrient availability and heavy metal content.

Information about urban land use is important for urban planning and sustainable development. The emergence of geospatial big data (GBD), increased the availability of remotely sensed (RS) data and the development of new methods for data integration to provide new opportunities for mapping types of urban land use. However, the modes of RS and GBD integration are diverse due to the differences in data, study areas, classifiers, etc. In this context, this study aims to summarize the main methods of data integration and evaluate them via a case study of urban land use mapping in Hangzhou, China. We first categorized the RS and GBD integration methods into decision-level integration (DI) and feature-level integration (FI) and analyzed their main differences by reviewing the existing literature. The two methods were then applied for mapping urban land use types in Hangzhou city, based on urban parcels derived from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) road network, 10 m Sentinel-2A images, and points of interest (POI). The corresponding classification results were validated quantitatively and qualitatively using the same testing dataset. Finally, we illustrated the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches via bibliographic evidence and quantitative analysis. The results showed that: (1) The visual comparison indicates a generally better performance of DI-based classification than FI-based classification; (2) DI-based urban land use mapping is easy to implement, while FI-based land use mapping enables the mixture of features; (3) DI-based and FI-based methods can be used together to improve urban land use mapping, as they have different performances when classifying different types of land use. This study provides an improved understanding of urban land use mapping in terms of the RS and GBD integration strategy.

Although close relationships between the water quality of streams and the types of land use within their watersheds have been well-documented in previous studies, many aspects of these relationships remain unclear. We examined the relationships between urban land use and water quality using data collected from 527 sample points in five major rivers in Korea—the Han, Geum, Nakdong, Younsan, and Seomjin Rivers. Water quality data were derived from samples collected and analyzed under the guidelines of the Korean National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program, and land use was quantified using products provided by the Korean Ministry of the Environment, which were used to create a Geographic Information System. Linear models (LMs) and generalized additive models were developed to describe the relationships between urban land use and stream water quality, including biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP). A comparison between LMs and non-linear models (in terms of R2 and Akaike’s information criterion values) indicated that the general additive models had a better fit and suggested a non-linear relationship between urban land use and water quality. Non-linear models for BOD, TN, and TP showed that each parameter had a similar relationship with urban land use, which had two breakpoints. The non-linear models suggested that the relationships between urban land use and water quality could be categorized into three regions, based on the proportion of urban land use. In moderate urban land use conditions, negative impacts of urban land use on water quality were observed, which confirmed the findings of previous studies. However, the relationships were different in very low urbanization or very high urbanization conditions. Our results could be used to develop strategies for more efficient stream restoration and management, which would enhance water quality based on the degree of urbanization in watersheds. In particular, land use management for enhancing stream water quality might be more effective when urban land use is in the range of 1.1%–31.5% of a watershed. If urban land use exceeds 31.5% in a watershed, a more comprehensive approach would be required because water quality would not respond as rapidly as expected.

In fast-growing cities, especially large cities in developing countries, land use types are changing rapidly, and different types of land use are mixed together. It is difficult to assess the land use types in these fast-growing cities in a timely and accurate way. To address this problem, this paper presents a multi-source data mining approach to study dynamic urban land use patterns. Spatiotemporal social media data reveal human activity patterns in different areas, social media text data reflects the topics discussed in different areas, and Points of Interest (POI) reflect the distribution of urban facilities in different regions. Human activity patterns, topics of discussion on social media, and the distribution of urban facilities in different regions were combined and analyzed to infer urban land use patterns. We collected 9.5 million geo-tagged Chinese social media (Sina-Weibo) messages from January 2014 to July 2014 in the urban core areas of Beijing and compared them with 385,792 commercial Points of Interest (POI) from Datatang (a Chinese digital data content provider). To estimate urban land use types and patterns in Beijing, a regular grid of 400 m × 400 m was created to divide the urban core areas into 18,492 cells. By analyzing the temporal frequency trends of social media messages within each cell using K-means clustering algorithm, we identified seven types of land use clusters in Beijing: residential areas, university dormitories, commercial areas, work areas, transportation hubs, and two types of mixed land use areas. Text mining, word clouds, and the distribution analysis of POI were used to verify the estimated land use types successfully. This study can help urban planners create up-to-date land use patterns in an economic way and help us better understand dynamic human activity patterns in a city.

To explore the accumulation characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in wild fish species, the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg) in the muscle samples of eight wild fish species collected from Diaojiang River, Guangxi were analyzed. The degree of pollution, food safety and health risk of heavy metals in wild fish species were evaluated using the average pollution index and the target hazard quotient methods. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in wild fish species ranged from 0.041 to 1.160, 0.0001 to 0.066, 0.173 to 0.789, 0.010 to 2.420 and 0.0007 to 0.077mg·kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of Pb and As in wild fish species exceeded the limit values of the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB 2762-2012), and the over-standard rates were 5.06% and 64.56% respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Cr and Hg did not exceed the standard. The average pollution index results showed that Acheilognathus tonkinensis and Acheilognathus barbatus were seriously polluted by heavy metals. The Oreochromis niloticus were moderately polluted. The Siniperca kneri Garman, Carassius auratus, Pseudohemiculter dispar, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Hemiculter leucisculus were slightly polluted. Higher bioaccumulation factors of Pb, Cr and Hg were found in wild fish species from Diaojiang River. The concentrations of heavy metals in carnivorous fish and omnivorous fish were higher than those in herbivorous fish. Potential health risk assessment showed that the total target hazard quotients (TTHQ) of Acheilognathus tonkinensis and Acheilognathus barbatus were higher than 1. It indicated that the local residents posed higher human health risk due to the long-term consumption of Acheilognathus tonkinensis and Acheilognathus barbatus. Among all the TTHQ in wild fish species (except Pseudohemiculter dispar and Hemiculter leucisculus), the contribution rate of As was the highest, and the average contribution rate reached 76.63%, which indicated that As was the main risk factor.

In article deals with problem of using the urban land, including land under the industrial objects in Kiev. Also was analysed the ways of optimization the urban land using. Today become particularly acute the problem for efficient use of urban land use, including land for industrial facilities non-functioning as a reserve future development of Kyiv-based ecological-economic approach to solving them. However, to ensure sustainable development of urban population (preserve and improve health, improve working conditions, improve living conditions, increase the construction of social and affordable housing, reducing unemployment, creating new jobs, improving the ecological state of the environment) within large cities , you need to identify ways to optimize existing urban land use. The complexity of management decisions is determined, above all, the fact that in most cities of Ukraine territorial resources are exhausted and vacant land plots require significant investment. Also, a significant proportion of non-functioning industrial enterprises, which occupy large areas in the city were in Kyiv surrounded by residential development, buffer zones, technogenic disturbed and contaminated land. These objects be removed outside the settlements and the land on which they are to be re-cultivated and restoration for more ecological, economically feasible and sustainable use. The rapid development of large cities around the world and increase their impact on the environment and society is accompanied by a set ekonominyh, environmental and social issues that significantly influence the development of land relations in settlements in general. Today in Kyiv observed the changing dynamics of land area, which is to reduce the share of agricultural and forestry purposes and to increase the territory of other categories. The process of de-industrialization and suburbanization of urban land use is inevitable. They in turn accelerate other processes - "crowding out" of industrial facilities in the cities suburbs, which in turn will foster a number of ecological, economic and social problems. Management processes of territorial development of the city can be successful only when decisions on current issues of land use based on strategic, long-term development programs, offensive planning ideas zemleohoronnyh ensure consistency of implementation measures. Optimization of territorial development. Kyiv is to improve the structure of the land to improve the efficiency and usage of urban land, improvement of investment attractiveness, increase their profitability, ensuring the sustainability of ecosystems city. In our belief improving ecological and economic situation of the city, forming an effective urban land may provide by moving industrial facilities beyond Kyiv, to reorganize these areas of balance and formation of the optimal structure of urban land. Given the shortage of available areas for further development of the city's new housing construction, facilities service sector, tourism, etc. Industrial areas in which rolled production function, should be seen as a spatial basis optimize land use in Kiev. Taking into account the economic, social and environmental factors optimizing industrial areas are not functioning businesses that occupy large areas of urban land should also consider the most expedient type of land use. This, in turn, will contribute to the growth of urban land use, improve the well-being of the urban population, increasing tax revenues to the city budget, city economic development and is a prerequisite for creating favorable conditions for attracting investments. Keywords : urbanization, deindustrialization, industrial objects, industrial area, urban land use, land resources.

Detailed urban land use mapping requires high-resolution remotely sensed data. The pan-sharpened multispectral IKONOS imagery of 1 m pixel resolution is experimented with for urban land use classification. With the increase of spatial resolution, between-class spectral confusion and within-class spectral variation increase. Spectral-based traditional image classification methods cannot be directly applied to the IKONOS data for urban land use mapping. In this study, a rule-based urban land use inferring method is proposed and tested on 36 samples of typical land use classes and an IKONOS subscene of various classes in London, Ontario, Canada. The proposed method includes two general steps. First, the conventional multispectral classification method is applied to produce a preliminary land cover map. Second, urban land use information is inferred from the combination of several land cover classes existing in a neighbourhood by a rule-based modelling process. The inferring rules involve the percent composition ranges of compatible land cover categories for a certain land use class, the interrelationship of the compatible land covers, and exclusion of incompatible land covers. The results show that the proposed method has successfully identified level II and level III land use classes using the U.S. Geological Survey land use classification system. The proposed method has successfully identified the land use classes in the sample image with over 90% accuracy. For the subscene, the proposed method has produced a land use map with 88.5% overall accuracy.

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization. However, few studies have paid attention to urban land use dynamics, especially spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion and land use change, in this region. This research aimed to conduct a comprehensive study of urban land use change in Xishuangbanna, Yangon, Vientiane, Phnom Penh, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh City, from 1990 to 2015. The analysis was based on land use maps derived from Landsat satellite products and employed urban expansion intensity, sector analysis, gradient-direction analysis, and landscape metrics. The results show Xishuangbanna, Yangon, Vientiane, Phnom Penh, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh City all experienced dramatic urban expansion and land use change since 1990, with urban expansion intensities of 15.01, 5.26, 9.15, 1.56, 11.88 and 11.91, respectively. The landscape metrics analysis indicated that urban areas were always aggregated and self-connected, while other land use types showed trends of disaggregation and fragmentation. In the process of urban expansion, paddy and natural land use types were commonly transformed to built up area. The results further reveal several common issues in urban land use, e.g., land fragmentation and loss of natural land use types. Finally, the discussion on the relationship between government policy and land use change for these cities shows land reform and attitude toward foreign direct investments played important roles in urban land use change in GMS.

The article reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of land use management in urban settlements. On the example of the city of Chernivtsi, the main types of land use depending on the functional purpose are studied. The factors influencing the structure and dynamics of urban land use are indicated. A number of structural, organizational, spatial and regulatory problems that limit land use management in the city of Chernivtsi are identified. Among the main factors affecting the structure and dynamics of urban land use are: demographic pressure (population growth, migration processes); economic conditions (land prices, attractiveness for business); transport and logistical accessibility; ecological condition of the territories; regulatory framework and management capacity of the authorities. Land use in Chernivtsi has a mosaic character, which was formed historically as a result of a combination of Austro-Hungarian and Romanian urban planning traditions, Soviet industrial development, and modern (often spontaneous) developments. The spatial structure is not strictly zoned, but the city can be divided into four main functional zones: residential, industrial, recreational, and transport. Their organization, efficiency of use and interaction are the key object of study within the framework of urban land use management. Residential land use covers about 45% of the city's territory, which is the largest share among other types. Industrial land use is concentrated mainly in the Sadhirskyi district. The total area is about 12% of the city's territory. Recreational land covers about 15% of the city territory, but it is unevenly distributed. The organizational model of land management in Chernivtsi is not complete. Within the city council, there are several structures that are responsible for the distribution, inventory, approval of documentation, and supervision of construction. However, the interaction between these units is highly administrative and rarely based on digital integration or shared access to information resources. Data from the land cadastre, zoning plans, property registers, and urban planning documentation are mostly kept separately, which leads to duplication of functions, delays in decisions, and contradictions in determining the intended purpose of a particular plot. Analyzing the functional parts of land use in more detail, it can be noted that the most problematic is the residential zone. It is characterized by excessive building density, especially within the central part of the city and Soviet-era neighborhoods. At the same time, there are often no clearly defined boundaries of the adjacent territories, which creates conflicts between residents and developers. There is a critical shortage of infrastructure in new residential areas, such as schools, kindergartens, and parking lots. This reduces the quality of life of residents and puts pressure on social facilities in other neighborhoods. The population density in some neighborhoods is almost twice as high as the norms. Industrial zones in Chernivtsi, on the other hand, are characterized by underutilization. A significant number of enterprises have either ceased operations or are operating in a reduced mode, which leads to the idleness of large areas. Some of these lands remain unused for years, generating no added value for the city. At the same time, this area has the potential for revitalization - it can be transformed into mixed-use areas, logistics hubs, industrial parks, or even residential and commercial complexes. However, the lack of a clear vision of development, up-to-date zoning, and legal support for such transformations hinders any changes. Recreational areas, although they play a critical role in shaping a healthy urban environment, remain unevenly distributed across the city. The central part has access to public gardens and parks, while peripheral areas often lack public green spaces. In the newly built neighborhoods, the amount of green space per capita is several times lower than the standard. Some green areas have an unclear legal status, which creates risks of development or squatting. Coastal areas that could become public recreation areas are often used as illegal landfills or occupied by illegal structures. Keywords: urban land use, demographic load, urban planning documentation, land management, land resources, anthropogenic landscape science, ecological state of the territory.

The variation in soil permeability levels as a result of several types of land use on dry land in Aceh Besar district is not widely known. Therefore, a study of the ability of soil to pass water (soil permeability) as a result of various land use patterns is very important to conduct research in order to maintain a sustainable environment. The metode of research used is directly survey method. The Field survey carried out by taking soil samples that were taken in a composite manner in the processing layer (0-20 cm) and intact. The variables measured include: permeability, soil organic fraction. Intact soil sampling is carried out using a ring or tube to determine soil permeability based on the constan head method. Meanwhile, composite soil samples, which are samples collected from several observation points mixed evenly into a homogeneous sample, those were used to variable soil organic fraction content using the pipette method. Permeability in the type of land use forest shrubs, mixed gardens, moor and teak forests were classified into the medium class. The order of increasing permeability starts from the type of land use for forest shrubs, mixed gardens, moorlands, teak forests and rainfed rice fields. Permeability rates didn't have correlation with organic matter content in several types of dry land use in Aceh Besar district. By increasing sand content, the pores between particles increase, the capillary action weakens, and water easily evaporates through the macro pores, or directly penetrate deep into the soil for vegetation use By increasing clay content, the effect of soil on local rainfall redistribution on vegetation growth changes from decreasing to increasing whereas sand, on the other hand, those was based on a limited distribution of soil types only with high clay content

The loss of green spaces in urbanized areas has triggered a potential thermal risk in the urban environment. While the existing literature has investigated the direct relationship between urban temperatures and health risks, little is known about causal relationships among key components of urban sustainability and health risks, through a pathway involving urban temperature. This study examined the multiple connections between urbanized land use, urban greenery, urban temperatures and health risks in Harris County, Texas. The census tract-level health data from the 500 Cities Project (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) is used for analysis. Structural equation model analyses showed that the urban temperature played a mediating role in associations between urbanized land use, urban greenery and health risk. Urban vegetation is associated with a decrease in health risks, while urban land use has associations with an increase in health risks. Findings suggest that proactive policies tailored to provide rich urban greenery in a neighborhood can alleviate urban land use effects on health risks.

This study evaluates nine Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) turbulence parameterization schemes from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale meteorological model, comparing hourly values of meteorological variables observed and simulated at the surface of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The numerical results were objectively compared with high-quality observations carried out on three micrometeorological platforms representing typical urban, suburban, and rural land use areas of the MRSP, during the 2013 summer and winter field campaigns as part of the MCITY BRAZIL project. The main objective is to identify which PBL scheme best represents the diurnal evolution of conventional meteorological variables (temperature, relative and specific humidity, wind speed, and direction) and unconventional (sensible and latent heat fluxes, net radiation, and incoming downward solar radiation) on the surface. During the summer field campaign and over the suburban area of the MRSP, most PBL scheme simulations exhibited a cold and dry bias and overestimated wind speed. They also overestimated sensible heat flux, with high agreement index and correlation values. In general, the PBL scheme simulations performed well for latent heat flux, displaying low mean bias error and root square mean error values. Both incoming downward solar radiation and net radiation were also accurately simulated by most of them. The comparison of the nine PBL schemes indicated the local Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) scheme performed best during the summer period, particularly for conventional meteorological variables for the land use suburban in the MRSP. During the winter field campaign, simulation outcomes varied significantly based on the site’s land use and the meteorological variable analyzed. The MYJ, Bougeault-Lacarrère (BouLac), and Mellor-Yamada Nakanishi-Niino (MYNN) schemes effectively simulated temperature and humidity, especially in the urban land use area. The MYNN scheme also simulated net radiation accurately. There was a tendency to overestimate sensible and latent heat fluxes, except for the rural land use area where they were consistently underestimated. However, the rural area exhibited superior correlations compared to the urban area. Overall, the MYJ scheme was deemed the most suitable for representing the convectional and nonconventional meteorological variables on the surface in all urban, suburban, and rural land use areas of the MRSP.

Multiple physical and chemical stressors can simultaneously affect the biological condition of streams. To better understand the complex interactions of land-use practices, water quality, and ecological integrity of streams, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Project is conducting regional-scale assessments of stream condition across the United States. In the summer of 2013, weekly water samples were collected from 100 streams in the Midwestern United States. Employing watershed theory, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to represent a general hypothesis for how 16 variables (previously identified to be important to stream condition) might be inter-related. Again, using SEM, we evaluated the ability of this "stressor network" to explain variations in multimetrics of algal, invertebrate, and fish community health, trimming away any environmental variables not contributing to an explanation of the ecological responses. Seven environmental variables-agricultural and urban land use, sand content of soils, basin area, percent riparian area as forest, channel erosion, and relative bed stability-were found to be important for all three-community metrics. The algal and invertebrate models included water-chemistry variables not included in the fish model. Results suggest that ecological integrity of Midwest streams are affected by both agricultural and urban land uses and by the natural geologic setting, as indicated by the sand content of soils. Chemicals related to crops (pesticides and nutrients) and residential uses (pyrethroids) were found to be more strongly related to ecological integrity than were natural factors (riparian forest, watershed soil character).

This paper aims to demonstrate the effect of economic growth on the urban land use. This study used data area according to the type of land use by district building yard to measure urban land. In addition, to illustrate economic growth the use of PDB regional, the authors found that 1 percent increase in PDB regional resulted in changes of urban land uses amounted to 0.55 percent in DIY urban areas. Increasing urban land use implictions for the expansion of urban land in DIY. Result show that economic growth are particulay important urban land use in DIY urban areas.

In the process of rapid urbanization, urban land use cover was changed by human activities. In order to maintain sustainable development in land use, it is very important to study dynamical characteristics of land use and the processes of land cover changing in urban region. As a case of Huadu district of Guangzhou, temporal and spatial characteristics of land use in 1990-2005 were analyzed with remote sensing images and GIS technology, such as quantitative structure and spatial pattern of types of land use. The quantitative structure showed that main types of land use were relative stable, but the types of farm land, forest land, industry/mining/residence land were frequently changed. A high rate flow of land changing was occurred from farm land and forest land to industry/mining/residence land, and the highest rate was in the period of 1990-1995. Spatial variation was obvious in land use changing. The type of industry/mining/residence land use was eastwards extended. The demand of land consumption function was far exceed the supply. But the intensity of land use was not beyond the environmental threshold of land use consumption system. In a word, the ecological and environmental systems of huadu district were still safe.