Differences in N-acetylation genotypes between Caucasians and Black South Africans: implications for cancer prevention

Abstract

Polymorphic N-acetyltransferase genes ( NAT1 and NAT2) determine rapid or slow acetylation phenotypes, which are believed to affect cancer risk related to environmental exposure. Black South Africans have a unique incidence pattern of environment-related cancers, but genetic characteristics of this population are mostly unknown. In this study, we compared NAT1 and NAT2 allele distributions in 101 Black South Africans and 112 UK Caucasians. Frequencies of the rapid alleles were significantly higher in Black South Africans for both NAT1 and NAT2. Putative rapid NAT1 genotypes due to the presence of either NAT1 ∗10 or NAT1 ∗11 were found in 74.3% of Black South Africans (only NAT1 ∗10 ) and 42.0% of UK Caucasians ( P<0.0001). Similarly, NAT2 analysis showed that the presence of NAT2 ∗4 , NAT2 ∗12A , NAT2 ∗12B , NAT2 ∗12C , and NAT2 ∗13 alleles provided significantly higher ( P=0.0001) frequency of rapid acetylation genotypes among Black South Africans (60.4%) than in the Caucasian group (33.9%). The rapid acetylation genotype in Caucasians usually depended on the NAT2 ∗4 allele presence. The significant differences in N-acetylation genotypes can be among the factors determining a distinctive cancer morbidity and mortality pattern observed in Black South Africans. Both further genetic characterization of different populations and development of preventive strategies adopted for ethnicities with different genetic backgrounds are needed to deal adequately with the emerging health care problems in developing multiethnic societies.