Dietary Thymol Supplementation to Improve Growth in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

The aim of the present study was to examine the survival and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in water with different pH values. Carp (17.8 ± 1.21 cm; 52.14 ± 7.13 g) were transferred to 21 tanks previously adjusted with 7 different pH values: 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0. Each value had 3 replicates, and all experiments lasted for 21 days. The survival and growth of carp were assessed at days 7, 14, and 21. At the end of the 21 days, greater weight, length, survival, and biomass were found for pH values of 7.5 and 8.0. The coefficient variations of weight were significantly different among the treatments. The results suggest that the best range for the survival and growth of carp is pH 7.5-8.0.

Feed is involved in supporting the success of cultivation activities. Thus, an intensive system study is needed to find the right formulation so then these objectives can be achieved optimally. This research was conducted to test the optimal percentage of Cake artificial feed on the survival rate and growth of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larva and its relationship to reducing the cost of feeding to a minimum. The Cake artificial feed was given twice a day; morning and afternoon. The results of the Cake artificial feeding on the larval Common carp showed there to be no significantly differencein comparison with the administration of natural feed (Artemia sp.). The effect produced by the Cake artificial feeding on the growth of the larval carp was that SGR was 0.22±0.005 gr/day, FCR was 1.7±0,00 and the survival rate (SR) was 45±0,00 percent. The water quality parameters were measured during the research, including dissolved oxygen (DO) at 5.01 to 6.38 mg/L, pH ranging from 6.7 - 7.5 and an average water temperature of 24.5°C. In conclusion, Cake is not recommended to be given to the larval Common carp as an alternative to natural feed.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of commercial feed combination with water spinach leaves (Ipomoea aquatica) at different ratios on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This research was conducted for 35 days, located in Seteluk Atas Village, Seteluk District, West Sumbawa Regency. The common carp seeds used were 5-7 cm in size from one brood. The container used was 16 liter in size with a density of 10 fish / treatment. The method used in this study was an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications, namely, P1: 100% commercial feed (control), P2: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+1), P3: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+2), P4: commercial feed + water spinach leaves (1+3), P5: 100% water spinach leaves. The data obtained were then calculated and analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this study indicated that the use of commercial feed combination with water spinach leaves can affect growth, feed efficiency and feed conversion of common carp but did not affect the survival of common carp. Provision of 100% commercial feed (P1) and combination of commercial feed with water spinach leaves at a ratio of 1:2 (P3) had the same effect in increasing the growth of common carp, namely 1.17 g and 1.11 g, respectively.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three different organic manures and salinity levels on production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their interactive effects on growth and physiological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in peri-urban aquaculture tank system. The experiment had 3 × 3 factorial design with three types of organic manures, that is humic acid, FMGY (fermented boiled rice, molasses, groundnut oil cake and yeast) and cow dung tested in combination with three different salinity levels, that is 0.2, 2.5 and 5.0 g/L in triplicates. C. carpio fingerlings (average weight and length of 7 g and 7.15 cm respectively) were distributed to 27 number of 1000-litre FRP tanks (nine treatments with triplicates) containing 10 fish per tank. Fish were maintained for an experimental period of 180 days with a diet containing 30% crude protein. GHG estimation was done on 120th, 150th and 180th days at 30-day interval by collecting gaseous sample following floating chamber method. Lowest GHG emission (917.73) CO2 equivalent (mg m−2 h−1) was recorded in T3 treatment (humic acid + 5 g/L salinity). Highest fish growth was evident in T2 treatment (humic acid with 2.5 g/L salinity). GaSI and HSI were higher in treatment T2. Lowest stress parameters (plasma glucose and serum cortisol) were recorded in T4 treatment (FMGY with 0.2 g/L salinity). In terms of GHG emission, growth and bio-indices in C. carpio tank rearing, humic acid is the best organic manure at less than 5 g/L water salinity.

Effects of dietary white-button mushroom powder on mucosal immunity, antioxidant defence, and growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing the diet with Thepax Aqua (Aqualase) on the development and survival of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Therefore, an eight-week nutrition experiment was carried out using the Thepax Aqura enzyme in the Department of Vertebrates, Marine Science Center, University of Basrah. This enzyme was supplemented at 1, 2, and 3% in the control diet. The maximum weight growth (3.9870 gm 0.1230) and Specific Growth Rate (0.4238 gm 0.0049) were seen in the fish fed with T1 diet, and these results were found to be statistically different (P<0.05) from those observed in the fish fed with T2 (2 %), T3 (3 %), and T0 (control) diets. This study also concluded that there was no significant effect (P≤0.05) for enzyme levels on the survival of juveniles carp fed with different dietary enzymes. Finally, the outcome of the current experiment showed that the 1% supplementation of Thepax Aqua to the food gave good growth and feed utilization of Juveniles of carp C.carpio.

Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth, biochemical, and immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), stressed by stocking density

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the main commodities of aquaculture production in Indonesia, especially West Java. The processing of Lemna through the fermentation process is one of the efforts to improve quality alternative feed ingredients that function as prebiotics. The growth of common carp infected with the disease tends to be disturbed, so that the growth rate is inhibited. This study aims to determine the effect of the level of addition of Lemna minor flour from the enrichment of BIOMS probiotics in feed on the growth of common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The method used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The calculation of the measurement of test fish samples was carried out 4 times for 30 days. The data was analyzed using variety analysis (ANOVA). The conclusion of this study is that the addition of Lemna flour enriched with fermented BIOMS probiotics in feed provides an increase in SGR (Specific Growth Rate) value, a decrease in FCR (Feed Conversion Rate) value, and an increase in FE (Feed Efficiency) value of fish that is better than fish fed commercial feed (control +) and lemna without enrichment (control -). Feeding with the addition of fermented Lemna flour can increase the growth of common carp, such as SGR (0.34 ± 0.0599) and EP (68%), as well as reduce the FCR value (1.51 ± 0.3161).

Common carp is a fish consumption that is relatively easy to cultivate since it tends to be adaptive (easy to adapt to its environment and resistant to various types of diseases). One of the protein requirements for the growth of fish seeds can be obtained from mustard greens. Furthermore, the abundant availability of mustard greens in Kajoran Village can be an alternative feed if developed as carp feed. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of mustard greens powder on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio); besides, to determine the best concentration of mustard greens powder on the growth of common carp. This study was conducted in January-February 2022. The research method used an experimental method with treatment P1 (control), P2 (mustard green powder 25%), P3 (50%), P4 (75%), and P5 (100%). The results of giving the concentration of mustard green powder for the growth of common carp show a significant difference and it can increase the growth of carp. Furthermore, the best treatment is achieved in the P3 treatment (50% mustard green powder) with an average weight gain of 1.120 g. From the results of this study, it is expected that the people of Kajoran Village can use mustard greens well for carp cultivation with a concentration of 50% pellets and 50% mustard green powder. In addition, further research is needed on the manufacture of pellets from mustard green powder to make it easier for farmers to feed.

Local plant-based resources are widely used as ingredients in artificial feed formulations; the problem with these resources is that they contain anti-nutritional substances, namely phytate acid. An approach that can be used to overcome phytate acid is the addition of phytase to the artificial feed. The success of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish fingerling cultivation is supported by feed management in the form of feeding frequency that is both good and effective. The purpose of this study was to examine and find the frequency of feeding on feed utilisation and growth of common carp fingerling fed with phytase addition. This research design used an experimental method, complete randomised design (CRD), 4 treatments with 3 replications, namely treatment A (frequency of feeding once a day), treatment B (frequency of feeding twice a day), treatment C (frequency of feeding three times a day) and treatment D (frequency of feeding four times a day). The test fish used were common carp fingerling with an average weight of 1.30 ± 0.12 g/head and a stocking density of 25 fish/head size (50x50x60) cm3 which were cultured for 56 days. The variables taken include Total Feed Consumption (TFC), Efficiency of Feed Utilization (EFU), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Survival Rate (SR), and water quality. The results showed that different feeding frequencies had a significant effect on (P&lt;0.05) TKP, FCR, EPP, and RGR, but no significant effect on SR. The conclusion of this study was that the highest values for EPP and RGR variables were found in the frequency of feeding twice and four times a day. Keywords: feed, phytase, growth, efficiency

Effect of stocking density on ovarian maturation, offspring fitness and growth of common carp

Growth of Walleyes Sander vitreus, Yellow Bass Morone mississippiensis, Common Carp Cyprinus carpio, and Black Bullheads Ameiurus melas was assessed in Clear Lake, Iowa, over several decades and in relation to environmental variables. Growth of Common Carp was positively correlated with phytoplankton concentration. Recent Black Bullhead growth was faster than in the 1950s and 1990s, which may be a consequence of their recent decline in abundance. Growth of Common Carp and Yellow Bass was faster in the 1940s than in more recent time periods. Relative to their entire range, Common Carp first‐year growth was below average, whereas length at later ages was above average. Walleye relative growth showed a similar pattern. The large changes in growth over several decades suggest that as the Clear Lake ecosystem continues to change, growth rates of its important fish species are also likely to continue changing.

Effects of dietary fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris) leaves powder on serum and mucus antioxidant defence, immunological responses, antimicrobial activity and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles

The study explores using the fermentation process to convert organic restaurant waste into fish feed, a promising solution for aquaculture. The aim is to determine the best type and dosage of probiotics for fermenting restaurant waste (FRWM) and evaluate their impact on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry growth. Three commercial probiotics (P1, P2, and P3) were used at an 8% concentration for fermenting the waste. The best result from the fermentation trial was tested as feed containing different FRWM proportions: 0% (TA), 10% (TB), 20% (TC), 30% (TD), and 40% (TE) with 30% protein content. The trial lasted 42 days, assessing waste chemical composition before and after fermentation, growth rate, amylase and protease activity, feed conversion, survival rate, and water quality. Results showed P1 was most effective, increasing FRWM protein content by 84.25% and reducing crude fiber and fat by 15.17% and 3.94%, respectively. TE (40% FRWM) yielded the best outcomes, with fry common carp achieving a 1.05% daily growth rate and a feed conversion ratio of 0.80, indicating efficient feed utilization. TC (20% FRWM) exhibited the highest survival rate at 88.33%. The inclusion of FRWM influenced amylase activity, increasing enzyme levels and improving feed efficiency and growth rate. In conclusion, using FRWM, fermented with P1 probiotics, showed significant improvements in its composition, leading to enhanced fish growth and feed utilization. The 40% FRWM diet demonstrated the best fish growth rate and feed conversion performance. These findings support using fermented restaurant waste as sustainable and nutritious fish feed in aquaculture.

Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs and sex steroids on growth hormone (GH) secretion and growth in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) and grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus)