Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose enhance synaptic glucose and glutamate transport and protect against synaptic dysfunction in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Cultured neocortical neurons, which predominantly consist of GABAergic neurons exhibit a pronounced stimulus-coupled GABA release. Since the cultures may contain a small population of glutamatergic neurons and the GABAergic neurons have a high content of glutamate it was of interest to examine if glutamate in addition to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could be released from these cultures. The neurons were preloaded with [3H]d-aspartate and subsequently its release was followed during depolarization induced by a high potassium concentration or the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor agonists, AMPA and kainate. Depolarization of the neurons with 55 mM potassium increased the release of [3H]d-aspartate by more than 10-fold. When the non-specific calcium-channel blockers cobalt or lanthanum were included in the stimulation buffer with potassium, the release of [3H]d-aspartate was decreased by about 40%. These results indicated that some of the released [3H]d-aspartate might originate from a vesicular pool. When AMPA was applied to the neurons, the release of [3H]d-aspartate was increased 2-fold and could not be prevented or decreased by addition of cobalt. Since AMPA has a rapid desensitizing effect on AMPA receptors, it was examined whether AMPA under non-desensitizing conditions was able to induce an increased release of [3H]d-aspartate as compared to the conditions of applying AMPA alone. The desensitization of AMPA receptors was blocked by 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-(2-norbornen-5-yl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulphonamide-1,1-dioxide (cyclothiazide). Under the non-desensitizing conditions, the AMPA-induced release of [3H]d-aspartate was highly enhanced showing about a 10-fold increase over basal release. Addition of cobalt or lanthanum did not decrease the amount of [3H]d-aspartate released, indicating that the release originated from a cytoplasmic pool. Kainate, which induces an almost non-desensitizing effect on AMPA receptors, showed similar results as observed for AMPA under non-desensitizing conditions. The NMDA receptor antagonist (5R,10 S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) had only minor effects on the [3H]d-aspartate release induced by AMPA and kainate. Thus, the depolarization-induced release of [3H]d-aspartate from cultured GABAergic neurons appears to be caused mainly by reversal of the glutamate transporters.