Dietary effects on shell growth and shape in an intertidal marine snail, Littorina saxatilis

Abstract

In the marine gastropod Littorina saxatilis differences in relative shell apertural form between two ecotypes from NW Spain have been associated with an environmental cline related to the degree of wave exposure. Such differences have been claimed to have a strong genetic basis, with little influence of phenotypic plasticity. However, dietary changes are expected to affect the growth rate and, potentially, the shell shape, and could thus challenge the adaptive interpretation of the polymorphism. To address this issue we performed a laboratory experiment to grow one of these ecotypes under different food treatments with the aim of testing differences in shell growth. We then investigated the correlation of shell size and shape to quantify the impact of growth on shell aperture. Our results reveal significant dietary effects, an increase in growth rate leading to larger relative apertural size. However, this change occurs in the opposite direction to that expected from the differences between the two ecotypes in nature. This is in line with the low contribution of phenotypic plasticity to the polymorphism observed in previous studies.