Dietary Chia Seed Oil Enhances Growth, Immunological Response, and Disease Resistance Against Aeromonas hydrophila in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of wood betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance and some immune responses in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Different concentrations of the WB extract 0, 2, 4 and 8% (g per 100 g of diet) were added to commercial diet. Each treatment was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish having average initial weight of 44 ± 0.62 g for 10 weeks. The results showed that final weight, food conversion ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor were significantly improved by WB in a dose dependent manner, where the best growth parameters were achieved in the group of fish receiving the highest concentration of WB (P<0.05). Feeding fish at 2 and 4% W/W by WB in the diet improved lysozyme activity, ACH50 and IgM levels significantly in comparison to the control (P<0.05). Group of fish fed on 4% WB in the diet had the best levels of the immune characteristics (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to feed common carp with WB to improve growth and non-specific immunity.

Background: Probiotic is the best solution (Produce antimicrobial compounds, inhibit colonization of pathogenic microorganism, increase digestive ability and confer better health to the host) as an alternative to antibiotics against various microbial infection in freshwater and marine water. The freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was selected for this research work (due to high growth rate, high protein content, ability to survive under different climatic conditions and its availability throughout the year) to observe the effect of probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 supplemented feed on its growth. Methods: In this present research work Prepared three different concentration of probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 (0.1%. 0.5% and 1.0%) along with basal diet containing other ingredients (fish meal, groundnut oil cake, wheat bran, starch and Vitamin mineral premix). Initially 14 days acclimatized freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to laboratory condition selected randomly for four treatment groups as Control (C) and probiotic feed treated T1, T2 and T3 group. The experiment was carried out for 42 days with continuous aeration, natural photoperiod of 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark, maintain temperature constant and fishes fed diet twice daily. The feed ingredients and experimental diets analysed for proximate composition and measured Weight gain, Specific growth rate (SGR), and Feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Result: The proximate composition of the feed was determined as percentage dry matter in which 36.21% protein, 6.8% moisture and 7.8% of lipid. The probiotic feed experiment was conducted for 42 days and entire group of fishes was survived. The effect of probiotic feed on growth performance of Cyprinus carpio was measured as initial weight, final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. The growth changes were observed before and after treatment with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% of probiotic E. gallinarum N3 fed to Cyprinus carpio. The final weight (g) and final length (cm) was measured in treatment T1 (3.107 g; 3.32 cm), T2 (3.258 g; 3.40 cm) and T3 (3.413 g; 3.52 cm) respectively as compared with Control group C (2.255 g; 2.98 cm). The percentage weight gain obtained in group T1 (37.78%), T2 (44.45%) and (51.55%) respectively as compared with Control group C (29.54%). Maximum specific growth rate was observed in treatments T1 (0.94 % day-1), T2 (0.99% day-1) and T3 (1.02% day-1) as compared with control group C (0.56% day-1). The results showed better growth performance and feed utilization in all the three treated groups T1, T2 and T3. The best growth performance (final weight, final length, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency) and feed utilization (moisture, protein and lipid) was observed best in T3 (1 g kg-1) group of fishes as compared to control C group. There was significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in final weight, final length, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of a blend of safflower and fish oil on the growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) since it is one of the most cultured fish in aquaculture. In recent years there has been a considerable increase in the demand for fish consumption worldwide. This increase has made it necessary to look for alternative sources of the highly limited traditional fish oils from small pelagic fish, and from vegetable sources. Safflower oil, which contains a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, specifically linoleic acid, has the potential to enhance both growth performance and nutrient retention in various fish species. The present experiment included 3 treatments, where each treatment was further replicated twice (2 tanks per treatment, 7 fish per tank). The treatment groups T1, T2, and T3 received a diet with pre-decided safflower oil levels, and fish oil but varied in the ratio of mixtures. These were 0.5, 0.75, and 1 for experimental groups T1, T2, and T3 respectively. The final weight, SGR (specific growth rate), FCR (feed conversion ratio), proximate composition (protein, fat, moisture content and ash) of body were bi-weekly growth performance indicators in a 56-day experiment. Water was measured bi-daily by weighing the fish every 14 days except during each cleaning when the waste was siphoned out and routine water partial changes were done. It was found that as ratios of safflower Oil to fish oil increased, there also followed an increase in growth and nutritional parameters. The highest mixture level significantly improved growth performance, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and body composition over other treatments. Growth rates of common carp fed safflower + fish oil was improved due to better nutrient utilization for muscle development as opposed to deposition of fats. This implies that safflower oil might have the potential to induce lean muscle gain in common carp. These results indicate the successful substitution of safflower oil for fish oil in common carp diets. Thus, safflower oil can be a sustainable and nutritionally effective partial replacement for fish oil in common carp feed. This is advantageous from the cost point of view and is full of possibilities for the future of vegetable oil. Future experiments should be carried out to study the dietary effects and chronic impacts of safflower oil in common carp diets and its universal application

Impact of dietary piperine on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant status, and immune-related gene expression in pathogen-aggravated Cyprinus carpio

Modulation of growth, immune response, and immune-antioxidant related gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc system using mango peel powder

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVO) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, biochemical parameters, hematological indices, liver enzymes, and pathogen resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Triplicate groups of fish (15.36 ± 0.10 g) were fed daily with diets supplemented with TVO at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 percent for 60 days then challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results determined that supplementation of thyme resulted in significantly higher final body weights (FBW) and lower feed conversion ratios (FCR). Furthermore, no mortality was observed in the thyme-supplemented treatments. Regression analysis showed that fish growth parameters were polynomially related to dietary TVO levels. The optimum dietary TVO level, based upon the varied growth parameters, was 1.344 to 1.436%. Digestive enzymes activity, including amylase and protease, significantly increased in fish fed the supplemented diets. The thyme-supplemented diets also significantly increased the biochemical parameters, including total protein, albumin, and acid phosphatase (ACP), compared to the control group. We also observed significant increases in hematological indices, including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) in common carp fed diets containing thyme oil (P < 0.05). Liver enzymes activity including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was also reduced (P < 0.05). Immune parameters, including total protein and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) levels, alternative complement pathway hemolytic (ACH50), lysozyme, protease, and ALP in the skin mucus, and lysozyme, total Ig, and ACH50 in the intestine were higher (P < 0.05) in TVO-supplemented fish. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver were also elevated (P < 0.05) in TVO administered groups. Lastly, thyme-supplementation resulted in higher survival rates after the A. hydrophila challenge compared to the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of thyme oil (1 and 2%) effectively improved fish growth, immune systems, and resistance to A. hydrophila.

In this research the effects of oat Avena sativa extract on the non-specific immune system of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was examined. For this purpose, the fishes (average weight 9.91 ± 1.52 g) were fed with 5 g kg −1, 10 g kg −1 and 20 g kg −1 oat extract supplemented diets for 60 days. Following 60 days of feeding, the fishes were injected with Aeromonas hydrophila and mortalities were recorded. Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity, improved in all groups that received feed supplemented with oat extract. Serum glucose and cholesterol decreased while total protein and albumin in fish increased with the use of the diet supplement with oat extract. Haemoglobin (Hb), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased with diet supplemented with oat extract. Oat extract at the concentration of 10 g kg−1 showed significantly higher relative percentage survival (67%) when compared with the control against A. hydrophila injection. Also the dietary supplementation with oat extract caused a significant increase in growth parameters (final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), when compared to non-supplemented control basal diet. The results suggest that A. sativa extract can be used as a feed supplement to enhance fish immune response and disease resistance against A. hydrophila.

Lactobacillus fermentum and/or ferulic acid improved the immune responses, antioxidative defence and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

This study was to evaluate the growth, intestinal morphology, intestinal flora, and anti-infection activity against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp upon adding Bacillus licheniformis to the feed. Four experimental diets supplemented with different concentrations of B. licheniformis were as follows: 0 (CK), 106 colony forming units (CFU)/g (A), 107 CFU/g (B), and 108 CFU/g (C). After 60 days of feeding trial, the fish were intraperitoneally injected with 100 μL of A. hydrophila (LD50=5×106 CFU/mL) every day for a week to measure cytokines. Fish in group C showed the best growth indexes (weight gain rate: 186.88; specific growth rate: 1.76; and feed conversion rate: 1.07). The final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate in group C were increased by 47.9%, 87.4%, and 53.0%, feed conversion ratio reduced by 42.5%. Fish showed the highest villus height of intestine in group C. The intestinal flora analysis showed that, the richness of phylum, Firmicutes in the treatment groups significantly increased, and that of Bacteroides decreased remarkably. After the infection with A. hydrophila, B. licheniformis at 108 CFU/g significantly upregulated protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) compared with the control group. These results indicated that dietary supplementation of B. licheniformis not only increased the growth and influenced the intestinal development and disease resistance of common carp, but also altered the intestine microbiota structure. Furthermore, in our study, the optimal concentration of B. licheniformis in diets for common carp was equal to 108 CFU/g.

Sardinelle fish oil is one of the compositions of the fat source which contains Omega-3 potentially to improve growth performance. The addition of sardinelle fish oil in fish feed is, therefore, important to do to could boost the growth of the fish. This study aims to determine the effect of adding sardinelle fish oil towards the growth performance and survival rate of silver barb and also determines the optimum concentration of sardinelle fish oil in feed formulation that results in the highest growth and survival rate of the silver barb. This research applied a completely randomized design for experimental method, which consisted of five treatments each treatment has four replications in 42 days. The results showed that adding sardinelle fish oil with different concentrations significantly has affected specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), but did not significantly affect survival rate (SR) and average daily length gain (ADGL) of silver barb. Addition of sardinelle fish oil by 4% resulted in SR (100%), SGR (2.17%/day), ADGL (0.85%/day), highest FI (63.81g/50 fish) and lowest FCR (1.73).

Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics have been successfully used in dietary supplements to achieve aquatic animal health and therefore increase the quality and sustainability of fish production. In the present study, four hundred and twenty common carps, Cyprinus carpio (25.37±0.22 g;mean±SE) were randomly attributed to seven treatments, fed with diets containing PrimaLac (probiotic), inulin (prebiotic), and Biomin Imbo (synbiotic), 1 and 2 g/kg for each supplement. After 60 days of feeding, an increase in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) was recorded in the treatment groups compared to that of the control (P&lt;0.05). The food conversion ratio (FCR) in the treatment groups significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05). The treated groups showed significant improvements in serum immune parameters: lysozyme (LYZ), alternative complement (ACH50), total immunoglobulin (total Ig), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (P&lt;0.05). Feeding fish with supplemented diets significantly showed enhanced antioxidant status: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was significantly lower in fish fed dietary additives (P&lt;0.05). Compared with the control group, enzyme parameters revealed that supplementation could significantly decrease alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate transaminase (AST) (P&lt;0.05). The biochemical parameters including triglyceride (TRIG), cholesterol (CHO), glucose (GLU), and cortisol (CORT) decreased with dietary supplementation (P&lt;0.05). Total protein (TP) increased in fish fed experimental diets (P&lt;0.05). Fish fed pro, pre, and synbiotic exhibited significantly higher digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease) (P&lt;0.05). Skin mucus parameters (total Ig, ACH50, LYZ, protease, and ALP) were significantly enhanced in groups fed dietary additives (P&lt;0.05). Thus, the best recommended inclusion level of supplementation is 2 g/kg for inulin and 2 g/kg for PrimaLac and doses of 1 or 2 g/kg for Biomin Imbo. Dietary PrimaLac, inulin, and Biomin Imbo could be recommended as beneficial feed additives to enhance growth performance, innate immune and antioxidant systems, and promoted biochemical parameters and digestion of common carp; also, the effect of dietary synbiotic was superior to that of prebiotic and probiotic.

Effect of dietary nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response, and gene expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

To examine the effects of adding seeds powder and rocket <em>Eruca sativa</em> leaves to the diets of common carp <em>Cyprinus carpio</em> L. fish with percentages of 1, 2, and 3% of the total diet (the first, second, and third treatments), as well as the addition of rocket leaf powder to the fourth, fifth, and sixth diets, respectively, While the control diet, was empty of these additions (the seventh diet). Each treatment was replicated three times. These diets were used to feed common carp for 56 days. According to the statistical analysis's research results, the fish fed the fourth diet significantly superior surpassed the control diet and all other experimental diets in terms of growth criteria represented by the final weight, total weight gain, daily growth rate, relative, specific growth rate, and in terms of feed utilization: feed conversion ratio, feeding efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Except for the sixth treatment, the fed fish outperformed all other experimental treatments, and the second and fourth treatments regarding retained protein and protein production value. Fish were fed as the fifth treatment, significantly superior to the control diet. These results in the highest percentage of dry matter and crude protein for the edible portion of the body. Feeding fish on the fourth treatment resulted in the lowest proportion of ether extract, much lower than all the experimental diets.

This research aims to know the role of maggot flour protein as a fishmeal protein source replacement on growth performance and survival of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the optimum dose from artificial maggot flour feed. This research take a place at Aquaculture Laboratorium of Diponegoro University in 23 January – 6 March 2023. The experimental method using complete randomized design (RAL) consisting of 4 treatments 3 repetitions. The treatment is applied with percentage maggot flour substitution 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% per gram of feed. The substitution set according to carp protein sufficient (30 – 35%), so that carp does not having excess protein that can effect on growth performance. The test fish used was common carp with an average size of 4.54 ± 0.23 cm with an average weight of 0.75 ± 0.03 gr/head. The experimental containers using a aquarium tank with size of 45cm x 30cm x 22.5cm. Stocking density per aquarium is 0.5 fish/liter with a maintenance period of 42 days. The experimental using feeding methods 5% of biomass with a frequency 3 times/day. The experimental results showing that substitution of artificial maggot flour feed for common carp is significantly influential (P&lt;0.05) on specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR) of common carp. Based on experimental, the best dose substitution artificial maggot flour feed has been shown in treatments C (20%) and D (30%). Treatment C produced SGR 1.93 ± 0.04 and FCR 2.41 ± 0.07 and treatment D produced SGR 1.97 ± 0.09% and FCR 2.34 ± 0.12. The results of observations during the research showed that common carp fed with the experimental feed (substitution of maggot flour for artificial feed 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) had a high survival rate with an average survival rate above 90%.

IntroductionBiofloc technology (BFT) offers a sustainable approach to aquaculture by enhancing water quality and nutrient utilization. This study investigated the effects of varying carbon-to-nitrogen ratios, achieved through different combinations of jaggery and corn flour, rice flour, or rice bran, on the growth performance, body composition, histological health, and immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings in a BFT system.MethodsA 90-day experiment was conducted using common carp fingerlings, where different groups were fed diets supplemented with jaggery in combination with either corn flour, rice flour, or rice bran, creating varying C:N ratios. Water quality parameters, Biofloc volume, growth performance (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate), body composition (crude protein, crude lipid), histological analysis of liver and intestine, Biofloc morphology, and immune-related gene expression were assessed.ResultsThe addition of carbon sources, particularly jaggery and rice flour, significantly improved water quality by reducing total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate levels, and increasing Biofloc volume. The jaggery and rice flour group exhibited the highest final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and levels of crude protein and crude lipid. Histological analysis showed improved hepatic and intestinal health in this group. Biofloc morphology varied, with rod shapes observed in the jaggery and rice flour group and spherical peanut shapes in the jaggery and corn flour group. The jaggery and rice flour group also demonstrated elevated expression of immune-related genes.DiscussionThe combination of jaggery and rice flour provided an optimal C:N ratio, leading to enhanced water quality, improved growth performance, better body composition, healthier histological structure, and a strengthened immune response in common carp fingerlings. The unique Biofloc morphology and increased immune gene expression observed in this group suggest a synergistic effect of jaggery and rice flour in promoting a robust and efficient BFT system for common carp aquaculture.