Abstract
In this study, the protective effects of diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] on quinclorac- induced toxicity were investigated in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The fish were fed for 60 days with a diet in the absence or in the presence of 3.0 mg/Kg (PhSe)2. Animals were further exposed to 1 mg/L quinclorac for 8 days. At the end of experimental period, fish were euthanized and biopsies from liver and gills, as well as blood samples, were collected. The cortisol and metabolic parameters were determined in plasma, and those enzyme activities related to osmoregulation were assayed in the gills. In liver, some important enzyme activities of the intermediary metabolism and oxidative stress-related parameters, such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), protein carbonyl, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), nonprotein thiols (NPSH) and ascorbic acid contents were also evaluated. Compared to the control group, quinclorac exposure significantly decreased hepatosomatic index and increased cortisol and lactate values in plasma. Moreover, the activities of fructose biphosphatase (FBPase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6Pase), glycogen phosphorilase (GPase) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased in liver. Quinclorac also induced lipid peroxidation while the activity of SOD, NPSH and ascorbic acid levels decreased in the liver. However, dietary (PhSe)2 reduced the herbicide-induced effects on the studied parameters. In conclusion, (PhSe)2 has beneficial properties based on its ability to attenuate toxicity induced by quinclorac by regulating energy metabolism and oxidative stress-related parameters.
Highlights
Micronutrients are required for the normal life processes of all animals
A significantly lower hepatosomatic index (HSI) was observed in fish fed with control diet and exposed to quinclorac compared to non-exposed fish, while no changes were observed in the other groups (Table 1)
We report the protective actions of (PhSe)2 on the effects promoted by quinclorac, an usual herbicide used on agriculture activities, on metabolic and oxidative stress-related parameters in silver catfish
Summary
Micronutrients are required for the normal life processes of all animals. The micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, are important for skeletal formation, regulation of acid-base equilibrium, synthesis of hormones and enzymes, being essential for the antioxidant defense system [1]. Their deficiencies can cause biochemical, structural and functional changes on several metabolic parameters [2]. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral for animals. There is a fine partition line between deficiency and toxicity. High Se concentration has been found to induce pro-oxidant effects, mainly due its ability to catalyze thiol oxidation and to generate free radicals [3, 4]. High doses of Se may cause bioaccumulation in the trophic chain, representing a risk for organisms, but its toxicity depends essentially on its chemical structure [2]
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