Abstract
Demonstrations are communicative acts that resemble or create an image of what they represent; they are iconic or analogic. Our research group studied five different demonstrations: hand gestures, facial portrayals, motor mimicry, figurative language, and direct quotations. These experiments separated the effects of visibility and of dialogue on demonstrations by creating and comparing three formats: face-to-face dialogues, telephone dialogues, and monologues to a tape recorder. The results showed that all five demonstrations occur at higher rates in dialogue than in monologue (where they almost disappear). There was no effect of visibility on hand gestures or figurative language, but visibility did increase the rates of motor mimicry, facial portrayals, and direct quotations. There are several possible explanations for the dialogue-demonstration link, testable in future research.
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