Diachronic changes to the [(if the) truth BE told] construction – a corpus study

ABSTRACTCuriosity about imaginary thematic maps described in The Consolidator, Daniel Defoe’s 1705 satirical fantasy about a trip to the Moon, inspired research into the early modern English public's knowledge of maps. The Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Books Online (ECCO) databases of digitized early modern literature were employed. A full-text EEBO search of 1600–1700 found the word ‘map’ and its variants in 3382 records. A similar search in ECCO of 1701–1710 yielded results in 1425 records. About half of the results are printed map illustrations and mentions of actual maps, while the remainder are map metaphors in sermons, poems, plays, etc. The metaphors can be classified using Oxford English Dictionary definitions of ‘map’. This literary use of map metaphors arguably prepared the public to accept maps as tools for the visualization of invisible or intangible physical and cultural phenomena, when thematic maps began to develop in the mid-eighteenth century.

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

Although at least thirty-five women were buried in the earlier necropolis at Vron during the period between ca. 370 / 75 and ca. 435 / 45, only three of them were equipped with typically Germanic brooches or other elements of dress. Such a low proportion of women whose dress was secured according to the Germanic custom by means of brooches, is not unusual in the burial sites of Northern Gaul, and indeed clearly distinguishes these from the burial grounds on the right bank of the Rhine in free Germania, where practically all the women used one or more brooches to fasten their clothing, and were subsequently buried with them. The evidence from Vron, as from other comparable military burial sites to the west of the Rhine (e.g. Oudenburg, Vermand, Vireux-Molhain), attesting how few women were buried with brooch jewellery , may indicate either that in actual fact very few Germanic women had accompanied their men-folk into Northern Gaul, or that the majority of women of barbaric origin had, in the process of cultural assimilation, abandoned their exotic costume at a very early date and now favoured Gallo-Roman dress. Among the typically Germanic dress ornaments observed at Vron, one may distinguish five different brooch types and one hairpin type, analysed below: 1. Simple cross-bow brooches belong to the most frequently attested and geographically widespread group of Germanic women's brooches in the 4 th and 5 th centuries (mid-4 th to mid-5 th centuries) between the Elbe and the Loire (fig. 2). They are almost invariably made of bronze, as are the two examples from Grave 163A and Pit 9. The brooch from Grave 163A, worn as a single item, is remarkable for its greater length, its short spring, and upper chord. These rather unusual features appear most frequently in the simple cross-bow brooches from the Lower Rhine and Westphalia. There, this unusual form may be dated chiefly to the first half of the 5 th century. This corresponds to the chronology proposed by Cl. Seillier, who attributes, on other evidence, Grave 163A to his Phase 3 (= ca.415/20-435/45). 2. Cross-bow brooches with a trapezoid foot-plate represent a further typological development of the simple cross-bow brooch. The silver brooch from Grave 242A possesses in addition a beaded wire decoration on the bow, together with a stamped metal plaque covering the trapezoid foot-plate, features which enable it to be classed with the Vert-la-Gravelle variant (fig. 3). This form of brooch, known almost exclusively by the archaeological evidence from the left bank of the Rhine is probably to be interpreted as the product of workshops in Northern Gaul, which are known to have manufactured other types of Germanic costume ornaments for the wives of foederati (see below). Comparison with the very similar brooches from Grave 7 at Vert-la-Gravelle (Mame) enable this example from Vron to be dated at the earliest to the last third of the 4 th century or to the turn of the century. The location of the inhumation within the burial ground suggests a date within Seillier's Phase 2 (= ca. 390-415/20). 3. The bronze hairpin from the same grave, over 17 cm long, with a small round head, belongs to the Fecamp type (fig. 4), known chiefly from the Germanic female burials and other archaeological evidence found in Westphalia and the Lower Rhine.

The aim of this study is to elaborate comparative portraits of Korean and Japanese beauty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Six portraits of beauty in the Korean Joseon Dynasty (early 19th century) and 5 in Japanese Edo Dynasty (late 18th century) were analyzed. Twenty anthropometric items were applied to the measure of the features on each portrait and 18 proportional indices of the face were calculated. Among the 18 indices, Korean and Japanese beauty did not show any significant differences in 13, but in 5: 1) the ratio of eye fissure to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 2) eye inclination was greater in Japanese beauty; 3) the ratio of nasal width to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 4) the ratio of nasal and facial width was greater in Korean beauty; and 5) the ratio of vermilion size to mouth width was greater in Japanese beauty. It is assumed that Korean had narrower eye fissure, lower eye inclination, wider nasal ala, and thinner lip than what Japanese craved during that era.

In an age of mass digitization with book scanning projects like Google and Microsoft and their open access rival, the Open Archives Initiative, it is easy to forget that this is not the first time such efforts to the world's information and make it universally accessible and have been attempted. In 1926, A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave compiled A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland and of English books printed abroad, 1475-1640 which at that time was the most comprehensive bibliography of English printed material in the early modern period. That project later developed into Early English Books (EEB), a microfilm project started by University Microfilms International (UMI), and an electronic database Early English Books Online (EEBO) produced by ProQuest Information and Learning. Comments Reprinted from Microform and Imaging Review, Volume 36, Issue 4, Fall 2007, pages 159-164. At the time of publication, the author, Shawn Martin, was affiliated with the University of Michigan. Currently, he is the Scholarly Communication Librarian at Penn Libraries of the University of Pennsylvania. This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/library_papers/66 Shawn Martin (shawnmar@ umichedu) is Project Librarian for the Text Creation Partnership at the University of Michigan. In an age of mass digitization with book scanning projects like Google and Microsoft and their open access rival, the Open Archives Initiative, it is easy to forget that this is not the first time such efforts to the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful1 have been attempted. In 1926, A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave compiled A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland and of English books printed abroad, 1475-1640 which at that time was the most comprehensive bibliography of English printed material in the early modern period. That project later developed into Early English Books (EEB), a microfilm project started by University Microfilms International (UMI), and an electronic database Early English Books Online (EEBO) produced by ProQuest Information and Learning. Though current mass digitization projects may hail themselves as the first attempt to organize large amounts of information and make them available, they are not. Certainly they are the first to do so at such a large scale. However, there are lessons that can be drawn from earlier attempts to do the same thing. One could try to do a complete history of information gathering from the time of ancient Egypt. Yet a more useful comparison might be the age of microform. Many of the same arguments about preservation, greater access, and easier search capability are similar to the arguments about mass microfilming only 50 years ago. What is or is not unique about digitization as opposed to microfilm, and, more importantly, what lessons from mass microfilming can be learned for modern electronic projects? By looking at the history of just one of these mass microfilm/digitization projects, Early English Books Online, it may become possible to discover some of the answers to those questions. As early as 1884, efforts had been made to effectively cata-

This paper will discuss Early English Books Online (EEBO) as a tool for locating and researching contemporary references and responses to historical texts and authors, specifically George Sandys' A Relation of a Iourney begun An: Dom: 1610 (1615). It will focus upon two main themes. The first is methodological and will discuss the nature of EEBO and the possibilities and limitations it presents for this kind of historical research. The second turns to a case study of seventeenth-century responses to, and readings of, the Relation and shows how references found through EEBO can both broaden the context within which we view this work and alter our interpretation and understanding of it.

ABSTRACTIn this article, we describe a new research project on African Nova Scotian English (ANSE), a variety spoken by descendants of African American slaves who immigrated to Nova Scotia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Subsequent segregation from surrounding populations has created a situation favoring retention of the vernacular, in conjunction with Standard English. In addition to providing the first systematic linguistic documentation of ANSE, we detail the characteristics of the Canadian scenario that make it an ideal test of the creole-origins and divergence hypotheses: in particular, that, more clearly than other African American English varieties that evolved independently in the diaspora, the Canadian situation has featured no creole influence. This fact can effectively date the occurrence of any creole-like features in contemporary ANSE (and, by extension, other varieties of African American Vernacular English [AAVE]) to (at least) the late 18th century, an important time-depth characterization. We then present the results of a series of quantitative analyses of linguistically diagnostic features and compare them to those obtained for (1) another transplanted variety of African American English (Samaná English) and (2) a prototype variety (the Ex-slave Recordings), and note the striking similarities among them. The results militate in favor of a genetic relationship among ANSE and its counterparts as a common precursor of contemporary varieties, thereby providing the first methodologically consistent cross-linguistic comparison of three distinct vestiges of “early” African American English, and contributing missing links in the history and development of AAVE.

The publication, based on the study of biographical and autobiographical information, characterizes the educational, professional artistic, and educational activities of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries. An analysis of the role of artists as active participants in the national, cultural, intellectual, and social life of Ukrainian society is presented. The author has studied not only the artistic heritage of artists, but also their multifaceted activities, which covered educational, journalistic, and organizational spheres. The article highlights theoretical positions on the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, which are illustrated by specific examples of their experience and influence on the state of society and professional and general education in Ukraine in the 19th - 20th centuries. The author touches on the problems of the direction of the high society of the middle 19th - early 20th centuries. on the development of Ukrainian culture and education; highlights biographical and autobiographical information about Ukrainian artists of the 19th - 20th centuries; reveals the role of the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, their influence on the formation of public opinion; focuses on the relationship between artistic activity with educational and pedagogical practice, the organization of art circles, schools, the creation of studios and participation in cultural and educational societies. Their pedagogical work in schools, colleges, and academies contributed to the formation of a galaxy of famous Ukrainian artists who continued the national artistic and educational tradition of their predecessors. The work also highlights the problem of self-identification of Ukrainian artists as educators and public figures, since art is considered a powerful tool for influencing and shaping public opinion, a means of broadcasting the idea of national revival, social and cultural renewal of the state. Artists took the position not only of creators of aesthetic values, but also of leaders of the national idea, founders of an intellectual space capable of uniting society around common ideological values. The publication highlights the need to understand the heritage of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries not only as artists, but also as outstanding figures of education, who contributed to the formation of national identity with their work.

The heights of lower- and upper-class English youth are compared to one another and to their European and North American counterparts in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The height gap between the rich and poor was the greatest in England, reaching 22cm at age 16. The poverty-stricken English teenagers were among the shortest for their age so far discovered in Europe or North America; in contrast, the English rich were the tallest in the world in their time: only 2.5cm shorter than today's US standard. Height of the poor declined in the late 18th century, and again in the 1830s and 1840s conforming to the general European pattern, while the height of the wealthy tended rather to increase until the 1840s and then levelled off. The results support the pessimistic view of the course of living standards among the ultra-poor in the Industrial Revolution period.

The incentive for writing this book was another book published by the Chemical Society about 60 years ago, titled British Chemists [1] that completely ignored women—as if there had not been any women among the chemists of earlier generations. The authors felt that the early women chemists in Britain, quite a few of them working already as early as the late 19th century, deserve credit. The book wholly justifies this. As the Introduction tells us, these women chemists rarely received recognition; most of them were unmarried and could never play a leading role in the profession. But they were most enthusiastic about and dedicated to chemistry—this is what must have given them the strength to fight all barriers. The first of these barriers was getting a secondary education (Chapter 1, ‘‘Setting the Scene’’) and then being accepted to a university. In secondary schools— as the Rayner-Canhams argue—throughout the early 20th century, there was ambivalence about why girls need an academic education at all. It was assumed that most girls would become wives and mothers and only a small minority would be interested in pursuing a career. Who would then be the curriculum aimed at? This reminds us of the American movie, Mona Lisa Smile, set in the 1950s in a rich private New England liberal arts college for women, where even some of the most intelligent and interested girls thought that their role in life was to be a good housewife and mother—and only that. If this was still the attitude in the United States in the 1950s, certainly it was even more so in the late 19th and early 20th century probably everywhere. It is quite astounding to read how relatively early, already in the late 19th century, the demand for university education appeared among women. The authors ascribe this to several factors. In the second half of the 19th century, several women’s organizations were established that stood up for higher education for middle-class women. In fact, middle-class women started to look much farther than ever before when planning their future. Several magazines supported this attitude. One example from an article in 1914 [2]: ‘‘Woman is taking to herself a new significance. She is discovering that she, as well as man, has another M. Hargittai (&) Materials Structure and Modeling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, 1521 Budapest, Hungary e-mail: hargittaim@mail.bme.hu

Remediation refers to the re-presentation of old media in new media. This article studies remediation in electronic products in library collections, especially the digital facsimile. Early English Books Online (EEBO) is a particularly interesting example, not only because of its scholarly importance, but also because of its multi-layered genesis from printed work to microfilm (Early English Books (EEB)) to digital (EEBO) facsimile, and to the text encoding initiative EEBO-TCP, a joint ProQuest and Text Creation Partnership (TCP) project. The article analyses the impact of filters and limits of remediation in relation to EEBO and its predecessor EEB, such as the choice to duplicate a single copy of a work as bi-tonal black and white images, and to scholarly work.

The article explores the usage of the expression "great fear" in texts of English literature from the 16th to 17th centuries. The analysis focuses on identifying the religious and secular contexts in which this phrase functioned, as well as understanding its meaning in early modern English culture. The research is based on materials from the Early English Books Online (EEBO) corpus, which includes thousands of English-language printed sources from the 16th and 17th centuries, such as sermons, theological treatises, historical chronicles, travelogues, pamphlets, and works of fiction. This genre diversity allows for tracking the range of meanings of the expression "great fear" in both religious and secular texts and uncovering patterns of its usage in the cultural and historical context of early modernity. To identify the peculiarities of the functioning of the expression "great fear," digital methods are employed, including a corpora approach and machine learning algorithms, allowing for the highlighting of key themes and narratives associated with this expression. The results of the study demonstrate that the expression "great fear" was used not only in religious texts but also in various secular genres. This indicates that the expression gained the status of a stable formula, applied to describe both individual and collective experiences of fear in a wide range of situations: from reactions to miracles or divine intervention to descriptions of fear concerning military threats or personal choices. Within this broad contextual range, "great fear" begins to function as a marker of a crisis state in which the sacred and the secular are intertwined. The analysis using digital methods revealed the most frequent biblical references associated with "great fear" and thematic clusters where the expression appears most often. The use of digital methods for analyzing early modern texts presents new opportunities for researching the dynamics of religious language and its connection to the socio-political context of the era.

Background. The concept of linguistic situation, traditionally studied in sociolinguistics, means the totality of all languages used in a country to facilitate communication at all societal levels. Over the past few decades, the problem of the linguistic environment and the simultaneous use of two or more languages in the same geographical space has been studied not only in sociolinguistics but also in urban linguistics, discourse studies and many other branches of the humanities, primarily in the context of the dialogue of cultures. The form of language functioning (or several languages) in a specific geographical space is defined as the linguistic landscape. The term "linguistic (semiotic) landscape" is synonymous with a number of other terms used by modern sociolinguists: linguistic market, linguistic mosaic, ecology of languages, diversity of languages, or linguistic situation, etc. The specific components of the linguistic landscape, as well as the cultural and historical prerequisites for its formation, require deeper investigation using documented linguistic sources from territories where active intercultural and interlingual contacts have been ongoing for a long time. Galicia and Bukovina at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries were undoubtedly such territories. An integral component of the urban linguistic landscape of that time, one of its graphic markers and identifiers, was Ukrainian advertising published in Galician and Bukovinian periodicals. The actuality of the study stems from the need to examine the historical, factual, socio-cultural, and linguistic aspects of the formation of the advertising style of the Ukrainian language, particularly in the context of the linguistic situation of Bukovina and Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This will contribute to forming a holistic understanding of the general and specific features of Ukrainian advertising texts of this period and understanding of Ukrainian advertising as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon. Methods. To study advertising announcements published in Galician and Bukovinian periodicals at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries (newspapers “Dilo”, “Bukovyna”, “Dobri Rady”, “Kalendar Prosvity”, “Bukovynsky Kalendar”), the methods of primary source processing, source base sampling, analytical review, descriptive-interpretative, and comparative analysis were applied. Results. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Ukrainian advertising texts aimed at disseminating new knowledge and, at the same time, had to attract the attention of potential clients and influence the psychology of the addressee. These tasks defined the informative and persuasive function of advertising during the studied period, which had all the characteristics of a modern advertising text and included the following main structural elements: 1) headline (in terms of content, these were mainly names of establishments, enterprises, personal names of entrepreneurs); 2) customer appeal c; 3) information block; 4) font and other graphic means of information actualization; 5) signatures and comments; 6) graphic and illustrative components (frame, font, product images, decorative highlighting elements). A characteristic feature of Ukrainian print advertising of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were components determined by interference factors: 1) German or Polish spellings of proper names, product names, contact information; 2) parallel spelling (glossing) of advertised product names in at least two languages; 3) use of borrowings from German, Polish, and Romanian languages, adapted in southwestern dialects or urban koinēs due to lexical interference; 4) application of different graphic and orthographic systems of the Ukrainian language (“maksymovychivka” and “kulishivka”). Discussion and conclusions. Ukrainian advertising texts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are a component of the linguistic (semiotic) landscape of that time, as they reflect in their graphic and semantic content the functioning of the Ukrainian language in contact with other languages – German, Polish, and Romanian, which for the studied period should be considered co-territorial languages. Foreign language components characterize both the graphics, content, and textual stylistics of Ukrainian advertising of the studied period, thanks to which it emerges as a sociolinguistic and cultural-historical phenomenon reflecting the corresponding period of the development of the Ukrainian literary language. Further research of the general and specific features of Ukrainian advertising of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is necessary for the creation of generalizing theoretical works on advertising studies and specialized dictionaries of Ukrainian advertising.

We investigate discourses surrounding venereal disease in a wide body of seventeenth-century texts in the one-billion-word Early English Books Online (EEBO) corpus. By combining quantitative methods with close reading of texts within EEBO, we explore whether perceptions of sufferers and responses to the illness itself shifted as the century progressed. In order to uncover the kinds of written works in which references to venereal disease appear, we undertake a genre analysis with the help of genre categories added to the corpus. The analysis shows that at the beginning of the century, references to these diseases were most likely to appear within historical works, while the end of the century witnesses an increase in references to venereal disease in scientific and medical texts.

The paper examines the fall of marital fertility in Tasmania, the second settled Australian colony, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper investigates when marital fertility fell, whether the fall was mainly due to stopping or spacing behaviours, and why it fell at this time. The database used for the research was created by reconstituting the birth histories of couples marrying in Tasmania in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890, using digitised 19th century Tasmanian vital registration data plus many other sources. Despite Tasmania’s location on the other side of the world, the fertility decline had remarkable similarities with the historical fertility decline in continental Western Europe, England and other English-speaking countries. Fertility started to decline in the late 1880s and the fertility decline became well established during the 1890s. The fall in fertility in late 19th century Tasmania was primarily due to the practice of stopping behaviour in the 1880 and 1890 cohorts, although birth spacing was also used as a strategy by the 1890 cohort. The findings provide support for some of the prominent theories of fertility transition.