Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity and diabetes are two increasing health problems worldwide, which both share many common risk factors, such as aging, and general obesity. The pathogenesis of sarcopenic obesity includes aging, physical inactivity, malnutrition, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and hormonal changes. Nevertheless, there are two major reasons to cause diabetes: impaired insulin secretion and impaired insulin action. Furthermore, the individual diagnosis of obesity and sarcopenia should be combined to adequately define sarcopenic obesity. Also, the diagnosis of diabetes includes fasting plasma glucose test (FPG), 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glycated hemoglobin (A1C), and random plasma glucose coupled with symptoms. Healthy diet and physical activity are beneficial to both sarcopenic obesity and diabetes, but there are only recommended drugs for diabetes. This review consolidates and discusses the latest research in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments of diabetes and sarcopenic obesity.
Highlights
There are two greatest epidemiological trends of world—aging and obesity with the extension of average lifetime span and the changing lifestyle
There are multiple factors that cause sarcopenic obesity, such as aging, lack of physical activity, malnutrition low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hormonal changes, which leads to body composition changes
A study has found that in the case of similar body mass index (BMI), diabetics have decreased lean body mass and increased body fat mass compared with non-diabetics [57], indicating that diabetes is associated with increased risk of sarcopenic obesity (SO)
Summary
There are two greatest epidemiological trends of world—aging and obesity with the extension of average lifetime span and the changing lifestyle. There are multiple factors that cause sarcopenic obesity, such as aging, lack of physical activity, malnutrition low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hormonal changes, which leads to body composition changes (muscle mass and strength decline and fat mass increase). There are multiple biological effects of physical activity: promote insulin sensitivity, improve anabolic response to endogenous amino acids, activate skeletal muscle satellites cells and trigger the proliferation and differentiation of them, amplify irisin production, adjust hormonal milieu, increase mitochondrial biogenesis, ameliorate inflammation and reduce oxidative stress [162,163,164]. Thiazolidinediones can promote insulin sensitivity, increase glucose metabolism, and preserve the β-cell function through activating PPAR-γ [185, 186] They can reduce plasma free fatty acid and intramyocellular lipid content to increase insulin sensitivity and redistribute fats from visceral to subcutaneous adipose to alleviate diabetes.
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