Dewatered Sludge Utilization from Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) for Composting at Supit Urang Landfill, Malang

Landfill solid waste composition 21-42% is plastic waste potentially as a microplastic source because of the extreme environments. The abundance of microplastics from waste degradation can be discovered inside leachate in a Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP). The compatibility of the sampling technique supports knowing the effects of LTP into representatively microplastic concentration. The article review aims to understand the similarity characteristic between a LTP and a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and to know the microplastic sampling technique in a LTP with an approach of microplastic sampling technique in a WWTP. The characteristic comparison between both showing three similarities is that the waste being treated is a type of wastewater, parameters of treated liquid waste to meet the quality standard, and both of them include secondary treatment and advanced treatment. Therefore, the microplastic sampling technique in LTP can be approached by WWTP’s microplastic sampling technique. Microplastic sampling technique in LTP tent to several factors, such as sample type and volume which is determined by sampling point, sampling method looks from the homogeneity of sampling point, sampling tool adjusted kind of sample in the LTP, sampling point based on the purpose of sampling, and two times minimum of sampling time and sampling replication.

Rapid population growth has contributed to increased solid waste generated in Malaysia. Most landfills that have reached the design capacity are now facing closure. Taman Beringin Landfill was officially closed, so the Taman Beringin Solid Waste Transfer Station was built to manage the relocation, consolidation, and transportation of solid waste to Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill. Leachates are generated as a consequence of rainwater percolation through waste and biochemical processes in waste cells. Leachate treatment is needed, as leachates cause environmental pollution and harm human health. This study investigates the impact of treated leachate discharge from a Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) on the Jinjang River water quality. The performance of the LTP in Taman Beringin Solid Waste Transfer Station was also assessed. Leachate samples were taken at the LTP’s anoxic tank, aeration tank, secondary clarifier tank, and final discharge point, whereas river water samples were taken upstream and downstream of Jinjang River. The untreated leachate returned the following readings: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (697.50 ± 127.94 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (2419.75 ± 1155.22 mg/L), total suspended solid (TSS) (2710.00 ± 334.79 mg/L), and ammonia (317.08 ± 35.45 mg/L). The LTP’s overall performance was satisfactory, as the final treated leachates were able to meet the standard requirements of the Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulation 2009. However, the LTP’s activated sludge system performance was not satisfactory, and the parameters did not meet the standard limits. The result shows a low functioning biological treatment method that could not efficiently treat the leachate. However, a subsequent step of combining the biological and chemical process (coagulation, flocculation, activated sludge system, and activated carbon adsorption) helped the treated leachate to meet the standard B requirement stipulated by the Department of Environment (DOE), i.e., to flow safely into the river. This study categorized Jinjang River as polluted, with the discharge of the LTP’s treated leachates, possibly contributing to the river pollution. However, other factors, such as the upstream sewage treatment plant and the ex-landfill downstream, may have also affected the river water quality. The LTP’s activated sludge system performance at the transfer station still requires improvement to reduce the cost of the chemical treatment.

Landfilling disposal method has led to the more concern environmental issue around the world, which are greenhouse gas emissions. According to IPCC (2006), the waste sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which accounts for about 5% of the global greenhouse budget. This 5% is methane (CH4) emissions from the anaerobic decomposition of solid waste and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the decomposition of wastewater. Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gas (GHG) due to it has about 21–23 times global warming potential than CO2. The CH4 and N2O emissions released in leachate treatment systems are the second-largest sources of greenhouse gases. The study is aimed to estimate methane emissions in leachate treatment plant in Landfill Rimba Mas Perlis, Malaysia, and its carbon credit revenue. The CH4 emission from the leachate treatment plant was estimated by using the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) methodology AM0013 and its economic benefit was determined based on the Clean Development Mechanism. From the study, the greenhouse gas emission in a leachate treatment plant has contributes to a reduction in carbon emissions by 233.21 tonnes/yr which could attract the carbon credit of RM 8,162.35 based on RM35/tonnes of CO2. The results indicate the anthropogenic emission in the leachate treatment plant can bring direct economic benefits to the local.

Estrogenic and dioxin-like potency in each step of a controlled landfill leachate treatment plant in Japan

Evidence of microplastics in leachate of Randegan landfill, Mojokerto City, Indonesia, and its potential to pollute surface water

Landfilling is a conventional waste treatment method that is widely used in Indonesia because of its technical feasibility, ease of operation, minimum supervision, and low operating costs. However, landfilling processing techniques lead to more leachate production than other processing methods. The Klotok Landfill in Kediri City has a leachate treatment plant that has been operating since 2016. The monitoring of leachate quality is important to be performed in order to evaluate the leachate treatment process. The leachate treatment plant consists of an anaerobic, a facultative, and a maturation ponds. The first year of monitoring was conducted in 2017 with two times of sampling, February and May. The results of the leachate quality monitoring in Klotok Landfill showed that quality were not yet optimal because some effluent parameters of leachate treatment plant were still above the quality standard as regulated in the Indonesian Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation P.59/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/7/2016. The parameters that did not meet the quality standards were BOD5, COD, TSS, and Total N. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of processing at Klotok Landfill. The improvements that need to be made are measuring the daily parameters and monitoring the microorganisms growing in the treatment unit.

Increasingly stringent regulations for leachate discharge call for leachate treatment plants (LTPs) to increase their treatment capacity by adopting membrane treatment processes to remove nitrogen and organics beyond conventional biological treatment processes. This study developed four common treatment strategies based on the existing operation and construction conditions of seven representative LTPs in China. We evaluated the LTPs' environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA) following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044). Compared with conventional secondary treatment processes, implementing high-level technologies to meet the strict standards could reduce an average of 59% of the eutrophication potential while increasing other environmental impacts resulting from both direct and indirect emissions by an average of 146%. We propose advanced technologies that integrate both midpoint and endpoint LCA results to meet stringent standards in areas sensitive to eutrophication.

The treatment of landfill leachates in on-site aerated lagoon plants: Experience in Britain and Ireland

The significant concern of leachate management refers essentially with water, groundwater, and soils pollution, determining the need of adequate treatment for discharged in water, soil, or wastewater collection networks. Leachate generation is an inevitable consequence of landfill waste disposal. An adequate landfill leachate collection and treatment allows proper environmental protection and prevention of surface water, groundwater, and soils contamination. It also minimises operational costs in the overall landfill management. The design and construction of leachate treatment plants strongly depends on the quality and quantity of the raw leachate, which in turn is influenced by numerous factors, including rainfall, waste composition, age of fill, landfill design and construction and operational procedures (Qasin e Chiang, 1994). A detailed knowledge of local leachate management and treatment allows the identification of specific setbacks and constrains that need resolution, on an operational management view as well as with legal decisions to be made for leachate treatment performance. In 2008, an assessment on the status of Portugal mainland’s Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill leachate management was developed (Martinho et al., 2008, 2009). The main objectives of this study intended to (Martinho et al., 2009):  Evaluate current status on leachate generation and treatment in MSW landfills;  Develop and apply performance indicators and other relevant context information that enables benchmarking analysis, regarding leachate treatment plants;  Identify and determine constraints (i.e. environmental, operational, and economical) related to leachate generation and treatment on a national context and possible minimisation measures;  Identify practices and tendencies in the field of leachate treatment technologies mainly in other EU Member States, and application on a national basis. Performance indicators have been developed for water and wastewater services. (Alegre et al., 2004; Matos et al., 2004). The structure was designed to assess the performance of Management Entities (ME) that provide these services, in terms of their activities and intervention areas. Regarding waste management, Cunha and Simoes (2010) describe the existing performance indicators used by the Portuguese Water and Waste Regulatory

Identification and quantitative evaluation of nitrogen-converting organisms in a full-scale leachate treatment plant

The pickling liquor used in the stainless steel manufacturing process is a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid which generates wastewater with nitrate concentrations ranging between 500 and 6000 mgNO3--N/L. In the present study, laboratory-scale anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs) were used to treat high nitrate wastewaters. Two different sludge inocula were tested: one from a Municipal Solid Waste Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP), and the other from a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). Methanol and sugar-rich wastewater were assayed as alternative carbon sources for denitrification. The best results (removal of 700 mg NO3-N/L in 6 hours of operating) were obtained when using methanol as external carbon source and inoculum from the LTP. Phylogenetic analysis of the bacteria present in the bioreactors using 16S rDNA sequences showed the presence of members of three bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria (Alfa, Gamma and Beta classes), Bacteroides and Actinobacteria. Bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Comamonas, Flavobacterium and Tessaracoccus were identified, Paracoccus being the most conspicuous denitrifying genus. Although most of the isolated bacteria harbour the nosZ denitrification gene, three of them, Paracoccus sp R-24665, Paracoccus denitrificans ATCC19367 and Paracoccus sp WB1, stood out in terms of their denitrifying capacity in both the synthetic and original wastewater, employing methanol as the carbon source. The results open the way to implementing and optimizing the full-scale treatment of industrial wastewater contaminated with nitrate.

Around 6 million tons of non- hazardous waste and some 1 30-1 70 000 tons of hazardous waste is generated in Lithuania every year. Most of non-hazardous wastes are organic (2. 1 millions tons) or domestic (1.7 million ton). Since no general waste incineration is used in Lithuania, the overall used method of waste disposal is landfilling. Most of the landfills are not designed or located properly. They pose a threat for both surface and groundwater in Lithuania. The Lithuanian government has made environmental protection a priority concern in recent years. Bilateral and multilateral donors have made funding available for environmental projects. Until 1998 no landfill in Lithuania had a landfill leachate treatment plant. Leachate was kept in the special storage places in the landfill, or collected and recirculated. In Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, part of the landfill leachate is taken to the city's waste water treatment plant and part of it is recirculated. Competition for the landfill leachate plant was announced and hopefully in the near future Vilnius will have a real project for the landfill leachate treatment. Recirculation was carried out in Kaunas Lapes landfill too till the leachate treatment plant was built. Leachate is collected and kept in the ditches in the other three biggest cities of Lithuania - Klaipeda, Siauliai and Panevezys. Klaipeda, as all other cities, is looking for a cost effective solution for the leachate treatment and Panevezys is thinking to clean the leachate in the city's waste water treatment plant. Biological leachate treatment is the idea of Siauliai municipality.

The aim of this study is to investigate filterability enhancement of activated sludge supplied form a full-scale leachate treatment plant by applying DC electric field while keeping the biological operational conditions in desirable range. The activated sludge samples were received from the nitrification tank in the leachate treatment plant of Istanbul's Odayeri Sanitary Landfill Site. Experimental sets were conducted as laboratory-scale batch studies and were duplicated for 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, and 5A of electrical currents and 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30min of exposure times under continuous aeration. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, and oxidation reduction potential in the mixture right after each experimental set and biochemical parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen in supernatant were analyzed to define the sets that remain in the range of ideal biological operational conditions. Later on, sludge filterability properties such as capillary suction time, specific resistance to filtration, zeta potential, and particle size were measured for remaining harmless sets. Additionally, cost analyses were conducted in respect to energy and electrode consumptions. Application of 2A DC electric field and 15-min exposure time was found to be the most favorable conditions to enhance filterability of the landfill leachate-activated sludge.

The paper presents detailed design and performance data for two full-scale leachate treatment plants that have been designed and operated in Eastern England during recent years, in which reliable performance has been achieved for an extended period. The first plant is a modified Sequencing Batch Reactor system, treating relatively diluted leachate (COD about 500 mg/l, ammoniacal-N about 180 mg/l) from a closed landfill site, to provide complete nitrification of ammoniacal-N and degradation of all degradable COD, in a manner requiring minimal site attendance. This is made possible by means of reliable and robust operational software, which can run the plant in a completely automated manner, but nevertheless alerts the operator to any issues. The second state-of-the-art leachate treatment plant was designed and built at the Masons Landfill Site in Ipswich. It was designed to treat 160 m 3 /day of strong methanogenic leachate, often containing more than 2000 mg/l of ammoniacal-N. Discharge of treated leachate is to sewer, under a consent in which the main parameters that are limited are ammoniacal nitrogen, and COD. Treatment comprises full biological nitrification, with ultra-filtration membranes providing additional removal of COD, to achieve challenging consent limits. Taken together, the two case studies provide valuable, robust and real, full-scale data, for the degree of treatment which can realistically be delivered, by well-designed and operated, aerobic biological leachate treatment plants, where each plant has succeeded in treating leachates to well below the consented quality limits for discharge.

This study assessed and compared the carcinogenic risks and hazard ratios of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) within different units of a municipal solid waste disposal facility (Tehran, Iran), including the leachate treatment plant (LTP), the landfill, and a composting unit. Eight stations within the landfill site were sampled during summer and winter using NIOSH method 1501. The health risk assessment was conducted using the probabilistic risk model Oracle Crystal Ball. The probability distributions of risks were estimated. The average concentrations (±SD) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and total BTEX were 9.01 (± 5.22), 11.44 (± 6.62), 14.56 (± 9.8), 24.06 (± 14.86), and 59.09 (± 32.38) ppbv, respectively. BTEX concentrations were significantly higher downwind of the disposal site compared to those in the upwind direction. The maximum carcinogenic risks of benzene in LTP, landfill, and composting unit were in excess of 1 × 10−4. Hazard ratios of BTEX were sufficiently low so as not to pose a significant risk to the workers’ health. However, maximum hazard ratios of benzene and total BTEX within landfill exceeded 1. In general, lifetime cancer risks and hazard ratios of BTEX were higher in landfill area compared to leachate treatment plant or the composting unit. Sensitivity analyses indicated that concentration and exposure duration had the largest impacts on the variance of the estimated risks. Individuals working in the landfill were at higher risk. An action plan is needed to reduce the risks from BTEX exposure in waste facilities by reducing the concentrations and/or exposure duration.