Devising Parameters based on Blended Model of Translation Assessment for Urdu Quran Translation

The holy book for Muslims is the ‘Quran.’ The Quran is written in Arabic and due to its nature, is accepted as sacred, its divine revelation—it’s being the word of God. The Quran, after its revelation has been translated into many languages. Whether Muslim or not, people who do not know the Arabic language are unable to read the Holy Quran, the source text in its original language, but somehow this needs to be communicated. As a result, the demand for religious or Quranic exigencies occurred and this was met through various discourse types such as interpretations, translations or translations of meaning. The present study attempts to investigate, how interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers were employed in the Surah Yaseen, in three different English translations of the Quran. These Quran translations belong to Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and IFTA, and Talal Itani. As can be seen from the present study, metadiscourse markers employed by these translators of the Quran, have presented the Quran readers with a sense of the translator’s own identity and selected mode of interaction.

Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) has always been a subject of interest to the translation community, and with the progress of translation training and education in some parts of the world, including Indonesia, the need for translation assessment to measure students' skills also increased. This present study investigates the effectiveness of two translation assessment models in students' translation result. It aims to explore how students improve their translation after giving feedback based on two different assessment models. A mixed-method design, which is characterized by the combination of qualitative and quantitative research components, was employed. The data were collected from English Study Program students of Faculty of Cultural Studies (FCS) Universitas Brawijaya Indonesia from two translation courses at the even semester of the 2020/2021 academic year. The students were asked to translate two different types of texts, namely short story and news article. Data analysis involved providing a description of the results and performing a statistical test using SPSS, t-test in particular. The findings revealed that the students improved greatly in their translation after assessed with two different models. This can be seen from the mean scores of their translation. Waddington Method C as the holistic approach and ATA Framework as the analytical approach gave different results for different texts. Both models were similarly effective for literary text, while for journalistic text, ATA Framework was more effective than Waddington’s. The recommendation is made for future researchers to combine two types of assessment models and test them to see the effectiveness. In addition, focusing on different types of source texts, such as manual text, or legal text, or academic text, or others to be translated and assessed, may also be beneficial.

The research study aims at evaluating the Urdu translation of Qur’an by Pakistani scholars according to the latest assessment models of translation. As different Models of Assessment and Evaluation have been devised for the translations of various types of text such as literary, religious, and technical, hence translation is not mere transfer of words and meanings but the whole culture and connotations of the text need to be transferred. The research study is unique in that it deals with the evaluation of the holy Words of Allah, the Qur’an. To assess the Urdu Translations of the Qur’an, we have selected Julian House Model for Assessment and Evaluation. Furthermore, the study has been narrowed down to Surat Dhuha (93). Rationally, all assessment model cannot be applied for the evaluation of Qur’an Translation, so we have selected the most recent translations of the Qur’an rendered by Mufti Taqi Usmani, Dr. Tahirul Qadri,Pir Karam Shah Azhari, Muhammad Hussain Najfi, Hafiz Salahudin Yousaf, Abul Ala Moudoodi, and Dr. Israr Ahmad.

Reviewed by: The Word of God and the Languages of Man: Interpreting Nature in Early Modern Science and Medicine Bruce T. Moran James J. Bono. The Word of God and the Languages of Man: Interpreting Nature in Early Modern Science and Medicine. Vol. 1, Ficino to Descartes. Science and Literature. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. xi + 317 pp. $50.00 (cloth); $22.95 (paperbound). Where should one look for the dynamics of cultural and scientific change in early modern Europe? According to James Bono, the force of change has less to do with external conditions (e.g., the impact of printing, or social context) than with competing language theories—that is, assumptions and debates about the relation between words and things. On this account, language theory and science form “intersecting discourses” joined by means of metaphors common to each. In the case of late Renaissance science and medicine, the metaphors most frequently employed were those of the “Book” and the “Word.” The contest over narrative authority to interpret Scripture and the Book of Nature, argues Bono, led to new relationships between the languages of man and the Word of God. A number of theories regarding the nature and origins of language existed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. A Neoplatonic theory of language, formulated in large part by Marsilio Ficino, assumed such an intimate connection between the human word and the verbum dei as to make language the means of seizing the powers of nature. In this regard, Bono argues, Renaissance magic underscored a potentially disquieting relationship between language as a tool for acquiring knowledge and as an instrument of magical power. The Reformation advanced its own theory of language, one in which the human word became incapable of comprehending the “Word of God.” Without access to any “supernatural” language, an understanding of divine creation might still result from an exegetical reading of the “Book of Nature.” Whether truth rested in books or in nature became the focus of competing language theories, according to Bono, in a debate between Jean Fernel and William Harvey over spirits and the blood. Here, the contest of hermeneutic practices led finally to a rejection of Renaissance Neoplatonic narratives based on the assumption that ancient texts contained shadowy glimpses of divine wisdom that could be brought to light through philological studies. Both Fernel and Paracelsus viewed nature as an expression of the divine Word. And yet, as Bono shows, they developed different strategies for reading nature’s “text.” For Fernel ancient texts, although written in a “fallen,” “post-Babylonic” language, nevertheless contained a pure, hidden wisdom that [End Page 151] could be exhumed through exegetical expertise. Paracelsus, on the other hand, switched the direction of exegesis from the “Book” to “Nature.” In his “text” matter and spirit were interwoven in such a way as to allow the comprehension of the divine logos through the understanding of the signs and symbols imprinted by God in nature. In the hands of the Paracelsian Oswald Croll, the “text” of Paracelsus came to be reinscribed, in Bono’s view, by means of a “radical” Calvinist narrative of redemption and divine sovereignty. Another reading of the Book of Nature resulted from separating the knowledge of nature from theology. The principal agent in authorizing that reading was Francis Bacon, who transformed cultural narratives by recasting the biblical story of Adam and the Fall. Where Adam’s knowledge in the Garden of Eden brought with it dominion over nature, the fallen state of man subjected human beings to a distorted intellect and to sensory deceptions. These hindrances might be overcome, however, when human labor, experimental tools, and rigorous method mediated the engagement with nature. In this way, Bacon considered possible a “Great Instauration,” a restoration to something like an original Adamic perfection. Beyond the discussion of specific hermeneutic strategies, Bono’s book articulates a very important conceptual reorientation in which nature is defined less in terms of self-presenting material objects than as a “text,” the language of which depends upon a variety of narratives and linguistic assumptions. In this sense “science” itself gets redefined and embraces a broad range of discursive “practices” that are as much linguistic and rhetorical as...

It is well known that the period from the Reformation to the end of the seventeenth century was one of intense debate about the authority and accessibility of the Bible. While Erasmus is remembered for wishing that, before long, every ploughboy should sing the psalms as he worked, he had great doubts about how open a book the Bible as a whole was and about how far the common people should have access to it. Luther's response was to assert that no part of the Bible was obscure, except insofar as there was ignorance of the original biblical languages, and that it was a church's responsibility to make it accessible to all.1 This meant translation into the vernacular. Luther's German Bible became the model for all European vernacular versions, including the numerous English translations which, beginning with Tyndale's 1525 New Testament, culminated in the 161 1 Authorized Version. In England, the Erasmus-Luther battle was fought out between Sir Thomas More and Tyndale and, significantly, it was fought out on the issue of translation. While it is one thing to debate the authority of the word of God in the abstract, as it were, it is quite another when one thinks of that word as a translated word. Translation of the Bible inevitably uncovers an actual or potential space between the translated and the original or primary word of God. Consider, for example, Calvin's statement that even the most learned disbeliever in the Bible's authority 'will be compelled to confess that the Scripture exhibits clear evidence of its being spoken by God, and, consequently, of its containing his heavenly doctrine'.2 This is obviously true, granted the premise that God is the Bible's author, so long as we have access to the actual words of God, in Hebrew and Greek. But if the vast majority only know German or English equivalents for these words, they may not find the evidence so conclusive; hence More's famous complaint that Tyndale, by preferring the dangerous and ambiguous world 'love', had profaned the purity of St Paul's ayccTCT].3 This was the familiar 'translation-as-betrayal' debate, but with a sharper edge, for the Bible is a text in which precise understanding of the words may be even more than a matter of life and death a matter of eternal life and death.

Trying to understand the nature and origin of language, this inherent ability of man, has been a common concern among scientists throughout history, as the blessings of the language in the way we use it are exclusively for humans that make it human. Moreover, it is genetically distinct from other living things. The diversity of scientists' views in this area is evidence of the over-complexity of language. This point is clear both in nature and in origin, so far as linguists, philosophers, and mystics have all come to understand the answer to this perpetual question of mankind. On the other hand, the holy Qur'an has the word of God and the book of human guidance among Muslims, so we decided to search for answers to our questions in the holy Qur'an. In this study, on the one hand, we study the views of linguists and philosophers about the origin and nature of language throughout history. On the other hand, we explain what the verses of the Holy Quran have said about this. In essence, the purpose of this study was to study some of the linguistic issues from the perspective of the Holy Quran. What we eventually achieved was a confirmation of the independence of the inherent aptitude of the language from its manifestation in speech and, thus, of the lameness of the language as well. In addition, we find that the holy Qur'an introduces language as a tool of thought and reasoning and recognizes the expression of thought in language, thereby confirming the intimate connection of these two vital elements for the growing human life.

This paper presents the various emotion classification and recognition systems which implement methods aiming at improving Human Machine Interaction. The modalities and approaches used for affect detection vary and contribute to accuracy and efficacy in detecting emotions of human beings. This paper discovers them in a comparison and descriptive manner. Various applications that use the methodologies in different contexts to address the challenges in real time are discussed. This survey also describes the databases that can be used as standard data sets in the process of emotion identification. Thus an integrated discussion of methods, databases used and applications pertaining to the emerging field of Affective Computing (AC) is done and surveyed.This paper presents the various emotion classification and recognition systems which implement methods aiming at improving Human Machine Interaction. The modalities and approaches used for affect detection vary and contribute to accuracy and efficacy in detecting emotions of human beings. This paper discovers them in a comparison and descriptive manner. Various applications that use the methodologies in different contexts to address the challenges in real time are discussed. This survey also describes the databases that can be used as standard data sets in the process of emotion identification. Thus an integrated discussion of methods, databases used and applications pertaining to the emerging field of Affective Computing (AC) is done and surveyed.

The Bible is the single most important and most translated text in Western history and culture. Seen as a unifying work and functioning as the basis of organized religion in the West, its translation has often manifested cultural and ideological diversity. The very idea of translating the Bible, ‘the Word of God’, from the source languages into the vernacular languages has of course led to extensive even deadly controversy. The translation into Latin by St Jerome, known as the Vulgate, was for centuries the official text of the Catholic Church and continued often to be the preferred source for Catholic translators, taking precedence even over the original languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek). The ongoing translation of the Bible, whether directly from the source languages or from the Vulgate— later, Luther’s German translation served virtually as an ‘original’ for some Bible translators—inevitably reflected cultural and linguistic diversity.

The holy Quran is one of the Holy Books of God. It is considered one of the main references for an estimated 1.6 billion of Muslims around the world. The Holy Quran language is Arabic. Specialized as well as non-specialized people in religion need to search and lookup certain information from the Holy Quran. Most research projects concentrate on the translation of the holy Quran in different languages. Nevertheless, few research projects pay attention to original text of the holy Quran in Arabic language. Keyword search is one of the Information Retrieval (IR) methods but will retrieve what is called exact search. Semantic search aims at finding deeper meanings of a text, and it is a hot field of study in Natural Language Processing (NLP). In this paper topic modeling techniques are explored to setup a framework for semantic search in the holy Quran. As the Holy Quran is the word of God, its meanings are unlimited. In this paper the words of chapter Joseph (Peace Be Upon Him (PBUH)) from the Holy Quran is analyzed based on topic modeling techniques as a case study. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling technique has been applied in this paper into two structures (Hizb Quarters and verses) of Joseph chapter as: words, roots and stems. The log-Likelihood has been calculated for the two structures of the chapter. Results show that the best structure to use is verses, which gives the least energy for data. Some of the results of the attained topics are shown. These results suggest that topic modeling techniques failed to capture in an accurate manner the coherent topics of the chapter.

Demand and need in public place security has been raised in recent years. There is a wide scope of work to make a full automated real time video surveillance system to make a public place much safe and secure. The outcome of the CCTV and other digital surveillance can be enhanced by using real time foreground segmentation and occlusion handling technique. The outcome is used to analyse the suspicious activity and objects having important concern in public place security. The video frame foreground extraction and object prediction with occlusion is one of the major challenges in real time. Researchers are working on some novel foreground extraction techniques facing occlusion like major challenge in foreground feature extraction. In this paper a new parameter centroid matching has been proposed to extract foreground using k-mean clustering. It helps to track moving, occluded and unattended object in real time video frame.

The paper contains a synthetic discussion of original and little known philological manuscripts which had been created since the 16th century by Tatars – Muslims of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – as characteristic Slavic aljamiado. The preserved manuscripts in which Slavic languages – Polish and Belarusian – were recorded in the Arabic alphabet are enormously important for the history of both languages and the Slavic-Oriental language relations. Various types of these historical texts (kitabs, chamails, tajweeds, etc.) contain the first, that is the oldest (16th century), translation of the Quran into a Slavic language (Polish) recorded in the Arabic alphabet (so-called tafsir). These sources are studied within the framework of an original philological sub-discipline of Kitab Studies whose origin and development should be credited to Professor Anton Antonovich from Vilnius University. The author of the paper discusses the research methodology pertaining to these sources, particularly the transliteration of Slavic texts recorded in the Arabic alphabet into the Latin alphabet, and introduces prospective major research tasks for Kitab Studies.

As a corpus-based inquiry into the probabilistic nature of lectal variation, the present study seeks to explore how language-external determinants of linguistic variation – real time, geography, text type – interact with language-internal determinants of linguistic variation, and in so doing shape cognitive and probabilistic grammars. The concrete empirical attention of this study will be directed toward the English genitive alternation as an instructive case study. The evidence suggests that the probabilistic grammar underlying the system of genitive choice is fundamentally the same across sampling times, geographic varieties of English, and text types. This overall qualitative stability notwithstanding, the importance of individual conditioning factors varies across different data sources, and this variability is shown to be mediated by language-external factors.

This article aims to give an overview of literary instruction in schools of the russification era at the beginning of the 20th century in Estonia; this was likewise the curriculum of literary study offered to the generation of educated youth which included the Young Estonians. Based on official documents, archival materials, and memoirs, and through analyses of anthologies, literary histories, and teaching methods in use at the time, we attempt to reconstruct the outlines of literary reading and requirements for students in various types of schools. When, as a result of school reform, Russian became the language of instruction; lessons in Russian became central in the curriculum, alongside the word of God; selections from Russian literature were read in the original language. In the lower grades, teaching was by the so-called ”natural method”, intended to guarantee swift achievement of fluency in ”living Russian language”; this was later replaced by systematic textual analysis, which distinguished between belles lettres and other types of texts. However, the study of literature was always subordinated to the goals of language instruction. In institutions of secondary education, study of Russian literature was separate from language instruction. Indeed, Russian literature was the only literature systematically studied in high schools (though one must keep in mind that not all schools completely followed the official program.) Private schools were especially noticeable for their greater freedom, though all of them had to take general curriculum directives into account. Reading of literary texts connected with other languages thus had to remain almost purely illustrative. In view of the above, in the upper grades of elementary school and high school, students obtained a thorough introduction to the Russian classics. According to the official school curriculum, Russian literary history ended with Nikolai Gogol. Attempts were made to ignore more modern authors altogether (to the point of banning them – this applied especially to the works of Fjodor Dostojevski). However, a good command of Russian made it possible to read those works not approved by the school, and to keep abreast of more recent Russian literature. Young Estonians took conspicuous interest in turn-of-the-century Russian literary life. Over time the split between ”anthologized” and real Russian literature continued to deepen, as did the conflict between the works and their official interpretations in schoolbooks. This tendency coincided with processes of renewal in Estonian literature. In the interim, knowledge of classical Russian literature acquired in school remained at the level of passive coexistence in the culture, a kind of backdrop to newer undertakings. Thus it is interesting to note that articles on Aleksandr Pushkin published in the 1920s Estonian press were addressed to the reader assumed to be knowledgeable both about his works and his biography. Reminiscences of school in the memoirs of several Estonian authors serve as evidence that learning about Russian literature, particularly poetry, was perhaps their only bright memory of school in the russification era.

The potential growth in Mobile Ad-hoc Network triggered the Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) for traffic security and efficiency on roads, because once deployed they could bring a new environment to drivers. Vehicular communication in real time environment makes privacy a real challenge, which might affect the large scale deployment of these problems. In many of the existing systems the master secrete is not properly secured and in case of large deployment of vane privacy become crucial since the number of nodes get increases. Thevanet entities are not always adaptable to hold the huge certificate burden faced in real time applicatios. However it is challenging to authenticate and schedule messages in vanet. So an ID based two layer TA clustered authentication scheme is proposed. Moreover the real time challenges in vanet scenario is simulated successfully, so that it reduces the certificate burden and enhance the safe keeping of master secrete.

This article brings two scientific paradigms of economics, neoclassical economics and institutional economics together based on my concept “Biased Equilibrium” stemmed from information sharing strategies of economic agents and the origin of general equilibrium to provide holistic view of real world economic and social structures. Our social or economic institutions can be subjectively modeled as an information biasing chain where economic agents are positioned in interdependent abstract coalitions. The upper layer coalitions virtually control the institutions and they have greater influences on our economy that provokes growth by exhausting energy and other natural resources and causing global warming and more severely, depletion of surface water, thereby, reducing the carrying capacity of the earth. Since this model unifies the conflicting paradigms of economic theories and resolves the most confusions of economic modeling, it can be used for getting clear guidelines for transiting from a growth based economy to a sustainable economy, while solving our macro and micro-economic challenges in real time.