Device for non-destructive determination of internal pressure in beer cans based on acoustic resonance frequency measurement

It is not possible to design completely reliable and flawless structures and facilities. Although precisely designed, accurately manufactured and assembled, such structures and facilities can have defects that are permissible on the condition of compliance with the established loading modes unless certain parameters are reached. The most critical issue among the threats to the safe operation of isothermal tanks to store liquefied gases is the violation of operating conditions, namely the increase in internal pressure of the gaseous phase. It is associated with the fundamental inability of a defect-free, fully serviceable thin-walled shell with a flat bottom and a conical or domed roof to withstand an emergency increase in internal gas pressure. A few accidents in isothermal tanks that occurred earlier in the world are associated with the emergency increase in internal pressure. The hazards identified when assessing the risk of accident in an isothermal tank are listed in descending order of their importance. The excess of scheduled values by structure parameters or liquefied gas storage process is prioritized as the first criticality. These are primarily the increase in internal gas pressure, then defects of structure, random impacts, etc. The algorithm for evaluating the frequency of accidental leakage in an isothermal tank remaining in operation upon the expiration of the designed lifetime is proposed.

The increase of the resonant frequencies of a Magnox containment package that have been detected by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer and a microphone, are the result of an increase in internal pressure of the package. Therefore, it is possible to infer an internal pressure measurement of the Magnox package by measuring the shift of different resonant frequencies. A model of the Magnox package has been constructed to predict the acoustic vibrational resonant frequencies of the package wall and the corresponding mode shapes. Laser Doppler vibrometer measurements of the Magnox package wall have confirmed the presence of the predicted mode shapes and the resonant frequencies at which they occur have been reasonably estimated by the model.

Buckling behaviors and simplified design method for steel silos under locally distributed axial load

Pipes are under the trial of internal and external pressure of fluid in oil well drilling and production. Changes of internal and external pressure of fluid may affect equivalent axis force using for stability analysis of pipes in some cases. Errors in traditional mechanical model and fictitious force are discussed. Mechanical model representing true tubular con- ditions is established. Internal and external pressure of fluid and its changes have no effects on the stability of hanging pipes. Changes in internal and external pressure of fluid show effects on equivalent axis force and stability of pipes fixed at two ends. Equations for calculating equivalent axis force are established depending on constant axis strain. For pipes fixed at two ends, equivalent axis force decreases when internal pressure increases, equivalent axis force increases when external pressure increases; increase of internal pressure and decrease of external pressure may make equivalent axis force negative, even less than critical buckling force.

Axial crushing of pressurized cylindrical tubes

Microbiological contamination of beer is manifested in many cases by the production of CO2 and an increase in its concentration. An increase in the concentration of CO2 in a closed package leads to an increase in internal pressure, which can cause the destruction of the package with dangerous consequences. This case study aimed to verify the applicability of force-displacement measurement for non-destructive monitoring of the internal pressure in beer cans.

Wideband acoustic absorbance and resonance frequency measurements in Ménière’s disease – case series

Typically, O-rings are used to prevent penetration of dust and alien substances from entering a cylinder during motion. Moreover, Orings are used to create an air tight seal around a stationary shaft. The stresses developed in O-rings depend on the squeeze rate, gap between the external diameter of the groove and internal diameter of the cylinder as well as internal pressure. In application, the stress distributions in O-rings can be very complicated and are almost always studied through experiment. Photoelastic experiment has been applied to the study of 3-dimensional stress distributions in O-rings. The loading device used in photoelastic experiment is important. Its function is to apply a uniform squeeze rate and internal pressure on the O-ring and to allow uniform squeeze rate to be controlled. In this research, a loading device was developed to perform these functions. The validity of this loading device was confirmed through the stress distribution, the configuration change and the contact length of the O-ring. When the squeeze rate was constant, the upper and lower contact lengths of the deformed O-ring were almost equal. When internal pressure was applied to the O-ring, while under a uniform squeeze rate the upper contact length increases slightly with increase in internal pressure, while the lower contact length of the O-ring is constant with an increase in internal pressure.

Lithium-ion batteries play a vital role in modern energy storage systems, being widely utilized in devices such as mobile phones, electric vehicles, and stationary energy units. One of the critical challenges with their use is the thermal runaway (TR), typically characterized by a sharp increase in internal pressure. A thorough understanding and accurate prediction of this behavior are crucial for improving the safety and reliability of these batteries. To achieve this, two new combined models were developed: one to simulate the thermal runaway and another to simulate the internal cell pressure. The thermal model tracks a chain of decomposition reactions that eventually lead to TR. At the same time, the pressure model simulates the proportional increase in pressure due to the evaporation of the electrolyte and the gases produced from the decomposition reactions. What sets this work apart is the validation of the pressure model through experimental data, specifically for prismatic lithium-ion cells using NMC chemistries with varying stoichiometries—NMC111 and NMC811. While the majority of the literature focuses on the simulation of temperature and pressure for cylindrical cells, studies addressing these aspects in prismatic cells are much less common. This article addresses this gap by conducting pressure validation experiments, which are hardly documented in the existing studies. Furthermore, the model’s accuracy and flexibility are tested through two experiments, conducted under diverse conditions to ensure robust and adaptive predictions of cell behavior during failure scenarios.

Volatile exsolution is widely recognized as an important trigger for eruptions from shallow magma reservoirs, but relatively few studies quantify the effects of exsolution on internal pressure within deeper-seated intrusive bodies. We present a model to predict internal pressure changes during the crystallization of a haplogranite melt containing 3 and 5 mass % H2O and with an emplacement pressure of 200 MPa. Mass and volume relations between phases are used to determine internal pressure assuming a closed, constant-volume system. The results indicate that initial crystallization of alkali feldspar and quartz causes a decrease in pressure prior to the exsolution of an aqueous fluid from the residual melt (i.e., resurgent boiling). Further crystallization toward the core of the body in the presence of a separate volatile phase results in a sharp increase in internal pressure. Our model shows that in closed, isochoric systems, the crystallization of the H2O-saturated melt will generate internal pressures that greatly exceed emplacement pressures typical of miarolitic pegmatites. Extreme overpressure modifies the physical and chemical properties of the residual melt and coexisting aqueous fluid, which in turn influences crystallization kinetics and the development of primary textures. Primary melt and fluid inclusions in pocket minerals thus likely represent samples trapped at various pressures in a rapidly evolving melt–fluid system. In most pegmatites, increasing fluid pressure and the formation of large pockets is regulated by the permeability and tensile strength of the enclosing rock. This explains why many miarolitic pegmatites occur within rigid host rocks such as granite, gabbro, and gneiss.

This study aimed to determine the initial air pressure influence on the in-vessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. For this purpose, representative composting mixture was prepared in which C/N ratio was 26 and moisture content was 70 %. The in-vessel bioreactor was designed and used specially to evaluate the initial air pressure effect on composting process in this study. Thus, daily changes of internal air pressure and temperature were monitored, and physicochemical properties of different composts obtained were also analyzed and compared. Experimental results showed a significant increase in internal pressure corresponding to the initial air pressure of 0.6 bar and a slight increase for the other initial air pressures. The initial air pressure which equal to 0.6 bar allowed maximum value of temperature and final composting product with good physicochemical properties as well as higher organic matter degradation and higher gas production. Composts obtained from experiments under 0.4 and 0.8 bar showed good maturity levels and may also be used for agricultural applications.

Experimental observation and numerical investigation on propagation and coalescence process of multiple flaws in rock-like materials subjected to hydraulic pressure and far-field stress

The assessment of the impact of corrosion defects on the integrity and safe operation of through‐wall pipelines is critical. In this work, a finite element‐based model was developed to study the mechano‐electrochemical (M‐E) effects of external corrosion defects on 10CrMoAl steel pipelines. The effects of parameters such as defect sizes and internal pressures on pipeline conditions are also studied. The results show that increased corrosion depth leads to stress concentration at the center of the defect. The increase in internal pressure causes local plastic deformation and anodic current density concentration at the inner edge of the defect and in the adjacent areas of the defect. M‐E interaction causes the growth of corrosion defects significantly at higher internal pressures. The corrosion defects increase with time. As the pressure increases, the failure pressure of the pipeline gradually decreases. The influence of defect depth on the corrosion rate at the defect is greater than that of defect width. With increasing in internal pressure and corrosion defect size, it will lead to more severe plastic deformation, resulting in accelerated corrosion.

JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) has conducted feasibility studies of the fuel and of the reactor core for the plutonium-burner HTGR (High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor). The increase of the internal pressure, which is caused by generations of CO gas and stable noble gases, is considered to be the one of the major causes of TRISO (TRI-structural ISO-tropic) fuel failure at high burn-up. The CO gas is generated by the chemical reaction of the graphite making up the buffer layer with the free-oxygen released from the fuel kernel by fission. The stable noble gases, which are fission products, are also released from the fuel kernel. Although it is considered very difficult to suppress the increase of the partial pressure of the stable noble gases because of its chemically inert nature, the increase of the CO gas partial pressure can be suppressed by reducing the free-oxygen mole concentration using a chemical reaction. ZrC acts an oxygen getter, which reduces the free-oxygen generated with fission reaction. An increase of the CO gas partial pressure with burn-up in a TRISO fuel is expected to be suppressed by coating ZrC on a fuel kernel. A PuO2-YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) fuel kernel with a ZrC coating, which enhances safety, security and safeguard, namely: 3S-TRISO fuel, was proposed to introduce to the plutonium-burner HTGR. In this study, the efficiency of the ZrC coating as the free-oxygen getter under a HTGR temperature condition was examined based on a thermochemical calculation. A preliminary feasibility study on the 3S-TRISO fuel that enables to attain a high burn-up around 500 GWd/t was also conducted focusing on a fuel failure caused by an increase of the internal pressure. Additionally, a preliminary nuclear analysis was conducted for the plutonium-burner HTGR with a fuel shuffling in the radial direction. As a result, the thermochemical calculation result showed that all the amount of the free-oxygen is captured by a thin ZrC coating under 1600°C condition. The plutonium-burner HTGR will be designed to suppress fuel temperature to be lower than 1600°C under severe accident conditions, and hence it was confirmed that coating ZrC on the fuel kernel is very effective method to suppress the internal pressure. The internal pressure the 3S-TRISO fuel at 500 GWd/t is calculated to be lower than 60 MPa, which allows to prevent the fuel failure, and hence the feasibility of the 3S-TRISO fuel was also confirmed. Additionally, the results of the whole core burn-up calculations showed that the fuel shuffling in the radial direction allows to achieve the high burn-up around 500 GWd/t. It also showed that the temperature coefficient of reactivity is negative value during the rated power condition through the operation period.

The present paper determines collapse moments of pressurized 30°–180° pipe bends incorporated with initial geometric imperfection under out-of-plane bending moment. Extensive finite element analyses are carried out considering material as well as geometric nonlinearity. The twice-elastic-slope method is used to determine collapse moment. The results show that initial imperfection produces significant change in collapse moment for unpressurized pipe bends and pipe bends applied to higher internal pressure. The application of internal pressure produces stiffening effect to pipe bends which increases collapse moment up to a certain limit and with further increase in pressure, collapse moment decreases. The bend angle effect on collapse moment reduces with the increase in internal pressure and bend radius. Based on finite element results, collapse moment equations are formed as a function of the pipe bend geometry parameters, initial geometric imperfection, bend angle, and internal pressure for elastic-perfectly plastic material models.