Abstract
The Blood pressure control diet is well described; however, it has not been implemented in clinical care, possibly due to the impracticability of the diet assessment in these contexts. In order to facilitate the dietary assessment, we developed and assessed the validity and reproducibility of two food group-based food frequency questionnaires (FG-FFQs), with a one-week (7-day FG-FFQ) and a one-month (30-day FG-FFQ) period of coverage for patients with pre-hypertension or hypertension. In 2010, 155 men and women, 30–70 years old, were invited to participate in a prospective study in two outpatient clinics in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The participants responded to two 30-day, two 7-day FG-FFQ, four 24-h dietary recalls, and underwent demographic, anthropometric, and blood pressure assessments. The validity and reproducibility were assessed using partial correlation coefficients adjusted for sex and age, and the internal validity was tested using the intra-class correlation coefficient. The participants were aged 61 (±10) years and 60% were women. The validity correlation coefficient was higher than r = 0.80 in the 30-day FG-FFQ for whole bread (r = 0.81) and the 7-day FG-FFQ for diet/light/zero soda and industrialized juices (r = 0.84) in comparison to the 24-h dietary recalls. The global internal validity was α = 0.59, but it increased to α = 0.76 when 19 redundant food groups were excluded. The reproducibility was higher than r = 0.80 for pasta, potatoes and manioc, bakery goods, sugar and cocoa, and beans for both versions. The 30-day had a slightly higher validity, both had good internal validity, and the 7-day FG-FFQ had a higher reproducibility.
Highlights
Introduction distributed under the terms andHypertension is a risk factor for stroke and coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases are among its consequences [1,2]
The eligibility criteria included individuals aged 30 to 70 years with mild hypertension or pre-hypertension who were invited to attend an appointment at the Clinical Research Center of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) to assess blood pressure
The Body mass index (BMI) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were stable over the study period
Summary
Introduction distributed under the terms andHypertension is a risk factor for stroke and coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases are among its consequences [1,2]. Middle-income countries, despite rising detection and treatment rates [1,2,3] The latter is based on the use of blood pressure lowering drugs; little attention has been paid to reducing blood pressure through lifestyle changes [2]. In clinical practice, counseling about a healthy diet, increasing physical activity [4,5,6,7], and quitting smoking should be added to blood pressure-lowering medication to control hypertension [4,8]. The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has been recommended to control blood pressure by increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; changing to low-fat dairy foods and lean meat (preferably poultry and fish); and restricting salt consumption to 4 g per day [8]. The adherence to the DASH diet predicts higher blood pressure reductions independently of weight loss; it may be sensitive to cultural aspects, requiring the need for counseling and monitoring strategies [10]
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