Development of the fenugreek’s coleoptile under influence of the maleinic acid hydrazine and various temperature conditions

To develop suitable methods for safety destruction of tetramethylene disulfotetramine (TETS) and the medical wastes polluted by TETS. The chemical stability of TETS was evaluated under the conditions of acid, alkali and high temperature. TETS was treated with sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid under various treatment conditions, i.e. concentration, temperature and time, followed by determining remaining TETS using gas chromatograms to estimating the degradation efficiency of TETS. TETS was put into ampoule and heated under the different conditions of temperature and time. After heat treatment, TETS residue was determined. For evaluating the absorption factor of active carbon to TETS in water and blood, active carbon was added into the water and blood with content of TETS, incubated at room temperature for 24 hours, and then determined the remaining TETS in water and blood. The complete degradation of TETS was achieved by one of the following treatments: heating with 6.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid at 100 degrees C for half an hour, heating with 3.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid or 6.0 mol/L sodium hydroxide at 100 degrees C for 3 hours, mixing with concentrated sulfuric acid or nitric acid at room temperature for 24 hours, and dry heating at 300 degrees C for 4.5 hours. Active carbon showed a marked effectiveness in absorbing the TETS in blood and water, with the mean absorption efficiency of over 90%. The results of this study suggest that TETS powder should be degraded by acid or alkali, and that the solid medical wastes polluted by TETS should be destroyed at high temperature. For the blood and water having contents of TETS, the active carbon should be used as to absorbing the TETS and then be destroyed at high temperature.

Toxicity of hydrazine to early life stages of several species of California brown algae was demonstrated to occur at environmentally relevant concentrations. Effects of hydrazine on benthic organisms had not been previously studied. Preliminary studies evaluated toxicity of boric acid, chlorine (as hypochlorite), lithium ion, tributyltin chloride and Zn(II). A reliable bioassay technique was developed using digital image analysis to measure vegetative growth inhibition of brown algal gametophytes. Hydrazine toxicity threshold of Macrocystis pyrifera gametophytes was almost constant in 10 96-hour experiments, ranging from 3 - 5 ppb (96-160 nM). Differences in resistance to short-term hydrazine exposures were observed among three algal families of the order Laminariales. Two of three tested members of the family Alariaceae, Pterygophora californica and Eisenia arborea were among the most resistant species tested. The three tested species in the family Lessoniaceae, Macrocystis pyrifera, Nereocystis luetkeana and Pelagophycus porra, all fast-growing canopy-formers, were among the most sensitive tested species. Tested representatives of the family Laminariaceae varied in resistance. Laminaria farlowii was resistant. Laminaria dentigera and Laminaria ephemera were fairly sensitive. Hydrazine autoxidation rates varied by an order of magnitude in seawater sampled from different locations. Rates showed strong temperature dependence. Autoxidation at 10°C and below was much slower and indicated a higher activation energy than autoxidation at 20°C and above. Undiluted trace hydrazine powerplant emissions from a time period when algal community composition changed in the vicinity of an outfall were compared to growth inhibition results from multivariate hydrazine toxicity experiments on Macrocystis gametophytes. Results indicated that several trace hydrazine discharges were of sufficient duration and concentration to have inhibited algal microscopic stages.

The alpha-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of four L-tyrosinhydrazides at 25[degrees]C have been studied. The values of the kinetic constants K[subscript s] and k[subscript 3] for L-tyrosinhydrazide, acetyl L-tyrosinhydrazide, and nicotinyl L-tyrosinhydrazide have been evaluated by the usual procedure. The values of these constants for benzoyl L-tyrosinhydrazide have been obtained by the method of competitive hydrolysis. The procedure for the quantitative determination of hydrazine by the reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to form the corresponding azine has been adapted to the study of the rate of the hydrolysis of alpha-amino acid hydrazides. The rates of formation and of hydrolysis of bis p-dimethylaminobenzalazine have been studied under various conditions. The effects of dielectric constant, ionic strength, acid concentration, and temperature on the rate of hydrolysis have been investigated. The acid dissociation constants for p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in two distinct ethanol-water systems have been determined. The acid dissociation constants for the hydrazone and the azine of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde have been obtained. The value of the constant for the assumed aldehyde- hydrazine- hydrazone equilibrium has been calculated.

17 volatile organic acids in tinctures of Radix angelica Pubescens,coffee,date,cacao,licorice,ling vanilla,hop,fenugreek,Aglaia odorata,vanilla for the use of tobacco were determined. The samples were extracted with ASE,then derived with N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide,and determined by GC/MS under SIM SCAN modes. The results showed that:1) the recoveries of the acids ranged from 76.62% to 107.60% with RSDs below 10.43%; 2) formic,acetic,propanoic,butyric,pentanoic,hexanoic,lactic,2-furoic,heptanoic,benzoic,octanoic,nonanoic,and decanoic acids were found in all tincture samples,and the majority were formic,acetic,lactic,2-furoic,and benzoic acids,while neither 3-methylvaleric acid nor 4-methylvaleric acid was detected. Minor 2-methylbutyric acid was identified in coffee and cacao tinctures,3-methylbutyric acid was found in fenugreek,coffee,cacao,hop,Aglaia odorata,and date tinctures,which was one of the major acids in hop tincture.

We have investigated the modulatory effect of fenugreek seeds (a spice) on circulatory lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. Enhanced LPO in the circulation of tumor bearing animals was accompanied by a significant decrease in the levels of ascorbic acid, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Inclusion of fenugreek in the diet significantly decreased LPO with simultaneous enhancement of circulating antioxidants. We report that fenugreek exert its chemopreventive effect by decreasing circulatory LPO and enhancing antioxidant levels.

In this research, influences of environmental factors and methanol on seed germination and seedling emergence of Persian Fenugreek were studied. Optimum germination and emergence occurred within the constant temperature range of 20 to 24°C, pH range of 7 to 9, and planting depth of 1 cm, with light stimulating germination. The most water imbibition trend in time course was observed at 25°C. Germination was at least 37 and 55% when exposed to solution osmotic potential of up to -0.8 MPa and NaCl concentration of down to 200 mM, respectively. No germination was observed at osmotic potential of -1.0 MPa and NaCl concentration of 250 mM. With increasing NaCl concentration and osmotic potential, Hypocotyl length decreased but radicle length increased and then rapidly decreased. Immersion period treatments had no effect on seed germination but seedling growth was greater in treatment without immersing period. Maximum dry weight and radicle length significantly (P≤0.01) achieved at 4% and hypocotyl length at 2% methanol concentration. The possible role of methanol in stimulating growth in Persian Fenugreek seedling was discussed. Information gained from this study will further improve our understanding of the germination behavior of Persian Fenugreek and can contribute to developing sustainable strategies for its important cultivation.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic diseases with an unknown etiology and pathogenesis. The medical treatment of such pathologies causes lots of adverse effects and usually doesn’t lead to the persistent remission. Studying of an etiology and pathogenesis, improvement of methods of treatment of IBD dictates need of adequate experimental modeling of UC and CD. The purpose of the article is to make an analysis of the literature, indexed in Pubmed, Medline, Russian Science Citation Index, dedicated to the IBD modeling and perspective ways of homeostasis correction during such pathologies as CD and UC. The oxazo-lone injection was determined as the most optimal way of UC modeling and the injection of trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) for CD modeling. Economical and clinical benefits of oxazolone and TNBS usage, the results of clinical and preclinical studies and adverse events of Aloe vera, Boswellia serrata, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Andrographis paniculata, omega 3 fatty acids, Ulmus fulva, Potentilla erecta, liquorice, coenzyme Q10, vitamin B12, Cucruma longa and vitamin D are described in the analyzed literature. The critical literature analysis gives us an ability to distinguish vitamin D and Cucruma longa as perspective therapeutic agents for the development of the pharmaceuticals with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and composite antioxidant effects, for UC and CDs’ treatment, causing the minimum of adverse effects. Suppositories were determined as the most optimal and perspective dosage form, used for the IBD treatment, according to the best biofarmaceutical features among the other forms.

Spices: Sources, Processing and Chemistry Methods of Bacterial Reduction in Spices The Principal Flavor Components of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Vanilla Onion Flavor Chemistry and Factors Influencing Flavor Intensity Contribution of Nonvolatile Sulfur-Containing Flavor Precursors of the Genus Allium to the Flavor of Thermally Processed Allium Vegetables Characterization of Saffron Flavor by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis The Characterization of Volatile and Semivolatile Components in Powdered Turmeric by Direct Thermal Extraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Pungent Flavor Profiles and Components of Spices by Chromatography and Chemiluminescent Nitrogen Detection Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Allium Species Determination of Glucosinolates in Mustard by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Reasons for the Variation in Composition of Some Commercial Essential Oils Component Analyses of Mixed Spices Antioxidative Activity of Spices and Spice Extracts Antioxidative Effect and Kinetics Study of Capsanthin on the Chlorophyll-Sensitized Photooxidation of Soybean Oil and Selected Flavor Compounds Curcumin: An Ingredient that Reduces Platelet Aggregation and Hyperlipidemia, and Enhances Antioxidant and Immune Functions Antioxidant Activity of Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) Cell Cultures in Relation to Their Rosmarinic Acid Content Anti-inflammatory Antioxidants from Tropical Zingiberaceae Plants: Isolation and Synthesis of New Curcuminoids Curcumin: A Pulse Radiolysis Investigation of the Radical in Micellar Systems: A Model for Behavior as a Biological Antioxidant in Both Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Environments

In the present investigation biochemical contents in fenugreek seeds were estimated. Results revealed minimum polyphenol content in genotype NDM-278. Genotype HM-267 recorded the maximum phytic acid while RM-185 recorded the maximum saponin content. The maximum carbohydrate was observed in the genotypes NDM-12 and ACC-012 however; the maximum protein content in genotype NDM-33. Genotype HM-258-1 estimated the maximum moisture percent. With regard to the proximate content in the seeds, ash content was the maximum in genotype UM-132, fiber in genotype UM-113, zinc content in RM-189, iron content in HM-271, manganese content in UM-116 and magnesium content in genotype RM-190. Key words: Fenugreek, anti nutritional factor, saponin, polyphenol.

By subjecting various plant tissues to conditions which influence growth, such as treatment with the growth hormone, 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), changes in certain cytoplasmic constituents were observed which parallel simultaneous changes in the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Treatment of maize roots for one hour in the presence of concentrations of IAA that normally promote shoot growth and, therefore, inhibit root growth followed by measurement of the deformability of the rapidly elongating region under artificially imposed load, demonstrated a concentration-dependent, IAA-induced plasticity component, not observable in untreated roots. The response is transient; half-maximal plasticity is induced by ca. 5 x 10^(-7) M IAA, one hour after treatment (a concentration comparable to that of Avena sections). Increased deformability is paralleled by increased growth of root sections, also transient, with maximum IAA-induced increase in growth rate coinciding with the maximum for increased wall plasticization. The initial response of maize roots to IAA, therefore, resembles that of Avena coleoptiles both qualitatively and quantitatively. The end result, however, is to effectively shorten the period over which the root can elongate. Associated with increased plasticity and growth rate of maize roots is rapid formation (or maintenance) of a protein-bound carbohydrate fraction. Disruption of the complex by such agents as extremes of pH or organic solvents results in increased turbidity of aqueous solutions and acquisition of solutility properties characteristic of lipides. Results of preliminary characterization studies also suggest that material is of lipoprotein origin. Evidence for a similar fraction, increased in amount by treatment of the tissue with IAA, has been extended to include Avena coleoptiles, pea epicotyls and pea embryo axes. In addition to lipide-soluble components, these fractions contain approximately equimolar quantities of carbohydrate (including hexose) and of esterified phosphate. The material, therefore, has been designated as a protein-bound glycolipide (PGL). A cytoplasmic origin of PGL is suggested. Also associated with the 2- to 4-fold increase in amount of protein-bound PGL is a decrease in the heat coagulability of cytoplasmic proteins. Similarily, a portion of an apparent IAA-induced increase in acid phosphatase activity may be attributable to increased stabilization as well. An electron microscopic survey of IAA effects on the fine structure of subcellular organelles revealed no major structural changes, however, the number of vesicles associated with the central Golgi structure of both maize roots and Avena sections may be increased by IAA treatment. A study of cell wall pectic constituents has revealed that although versene-soluble pectin does represent a solubility class distinct from hot water-soluble pectin, the conditions for extraction do not correspond to those of the classical residual pectin fraction. The existence of pectin in the cold buffer-soluble, 70% ethanol-insoluble fraction of Avena coleoptiles (cold water-soluble pectin) seems doubtful, however.

This thesis examines pectic metabolism by oat coleoptile sections. Pectin accounts for 5 per cent of the dry weight of such sections. Approximately 5 per cent of the pectin is cold water soluble--70 per cent alcohol insoluble. Approximately 50 per cent of the carboxyl groups of this fraction are methyl esterified. Hot water solubilizes from the cell wall a highly esterified pectin fraction which represents 15 per cent of the total. In the remaining hot water insoluble pectin, only 30 per cent of the pectic carboxyl groups are combined as esters. Pectins, once formed, are metabolized very slowly. There is little or no mixing of the various pectic fractions during a 15-hour period. The methyl ester group of pectin is supplied by the methyl group of methionine. Oat coleoptile sections, either intact or as homogenates, form S-methylmethionine and methionine sulfoxide from methionine. Both of these compounds are also active as methyl donors for the formation of pectic esters. Indoleacetic acid accelerates both incorporation of the methyl of methionine into methyl ester moieties and the incorporation of glucose into galacturonic acid residues of water soluble pectins. This increase is a measure of an accelerated rate of pectin synthesis. Indoleacetic acid does not increase the rate of synthesis of the water insoluble pectins. Evidence is presented which favors the supposition that the methyl ester groups are formed before polymerization of the galacturonic acid residues. In vitro incorporation of the methyl of methionine into methyl ester groups of pectin has not been achieved. Limited success has been obtained with the in vitro incorporation of glucose into galacturonic acid residues of water soluble pectins.

To evaluate the reliability of thiophen-2-carboxylic acid hydrazine (TCH) test for identification of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). A total of 4069 clinically isolated strains were identified by P-Nitrobenzoic acid medium (500 mg/L) and TCH medium (5 mg/L). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) complex strains susceptible to 5 mg/L TCH were further tested for susceptibility to 2 mg/L TCH. Spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) and multi-loci PCR were also performed to identify TCH susceptible strains. Among the 4069 isolated strains there were 3929 strains belonging to M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) of which 245 were susceptible to 5 mg/L TCH. Of these 245 strains, 20 were also susceptible to 2 mg/L TCH, while only 1 strain was identified to be M. bovis by both spoligotyping and multi-loci PCR. TCH susceptibility test (either 5 mg/L or 2 mg/L) is not a reliable method for identification of M. bovis.

Treatment of 2-[bis(methylthio)methylene]malononitrile 1 with p -Chloroaniline afforded 2-[(4-chlorophenylamino) (methylthio) methylene] malononitrile 2a, of which upon reaction with hydrazine hydrate yielded 5-amino-3-(4-chlorophenylamino)-1 H -pyrazole-4-carbonitrile 3. This compound was utilized as a key intermediate for the synthesis of pyrazolo [5, 1-c] [1, 2, 4] triazines by diazotization of 3 with nitrous acid at low temperature afforded 3-(4-chlorophenylamino)-1 H -pyrazole-4-carbonitrile-5-diazonium chloride 3', in which coupling with active methylene of acetylacetone and malononitrile in the presence of pyridine gave the hydrazone derivatives, which cyclized directly upon addition of acetic acid to produce respective pyrazolo [5, 1- c ] [1, 2, 4] triazine derivatives 7 and 8. Finally, treatment of 3 with acetic anhydride gave the acetyl amide derivative 9. The antibacterial and antifungal activities, as well cytotoxicity against Breast cancer cells (MCF7) of some selected compounds are also reported.

Pyrrolidines type 2,4-disubstituted (alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl)-6,8-dioxo-3,7-diazabicyclo [3.3.0] octanes (8a-d) were successfully synthesized by an efficient one pot 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides (in situ generated from the reaction of aromatic aldehydes and methyl ester of α-amino acids) with dipolarophile (N-phenylmaleimide). The reaction of compounds 8a-d with hydrazine in ethanol at room temperature took place under nucleophilic substitution which furnished 5-amino-4,6-dioxo-octahydropyrrolo [3,4-b] pyrrole-3carboxylic acid phenylamides (12a-d). Structures of the products were confirmed by IR and 1 H NMR. The compounds (8b and 12a) were evaluated for antimicrobial (agar dilution method) and antioxidative (DPPH; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and SOD; superoxide dismutase assays) activities. The results showed that at concentrations of 4-256 µg/mL, the tested compounds exhibited non-significant antimicrobial growth, whereas the 12a at 200 µg/mL began to exert some antioxidative activity.

Key factors influencing the occurrence and frequency of ciguatera