Abstract
BackgroundThe caudal fin of teleosts is a highly diverse morphological structure and a valuable source of information for comparative analyses. Within the Atherinomorpha a high variation of conditions of the caudal-fin skeleton can be found. These range from complex but basal configurations to simple yet derived configurations. When comparing atherinomorph taxa, it is often difficult to decide on the homology of skeletal elements if only considering adult specimens. However, observing the development of caudal-fin skeletons allows one to evaluate complex structures, reveal homologies and developmental patterns, and even reconstruct the grundplan of the examined taxa.ResultsWe studied the development of the caudal-fin skeleton in different atheriniform, beloniform and cyprinodontiform species using cleared and stained specimens. Subsequently we compared the development to find similarities and differences in terms of 1) which structures are formed and 2) which structures fuse during ontogeny. For many structures, i.e., the parhypural, the epural(s), the haemal and neural spines of the preural centra and the uroneural, there were either no or only minor differences visible between the three taxa. However, the development of the hypurals revealed a high variation of fusions within different taxa that partly occurred independently in atheriniforms, beloniforms and cyprinodontiforms. Moreover, comparing the development of the ural centra exposed two ways of formation of the compound centrum: 1) in atheriniforms and the beloniforms Oryzias and Hyporhamphus limbatus two ural centra develop and fuse during ontogeny while 2) in cyprinodontiforms and Exocoetidae (Beloniformes) only a single ural centrum is formed during ontogeny.ConclusionsWe were able to reconstruct the grundplan of the developmental pattern of the caudal-fin skeleton of the Atheriniformes, Beloniformes and Cyprinodontiformes as well as their last common ancestors. We found two developmental modes of the compound centrum within the Atherinomorpha, i.e., the fusion of two developing ural centra in atheriniforms and beloniforms and the development of only one ural centrum in cyprinodontiforms. Further differences and similarities for the examined taxa are discussed, resulting in the hypothesis that the caudal-fin development of a last common ancestor to all atherinomorphs is very much similar to that of extant atheriniforms.
Highlights
The caudal fin of teleosts is a highly diverse morphological structure and a valuable source of information for comparative analyses
Within the Atherinomorpha, comprising the Atheriniformes, Beloniformes and Cyprinodontiformes [10], an immense variety is present, ranging from a presumably basal condition, with distinct hypurals, e.g. in Odontesthes bonariensis ([1]: Fig. 168), to taxa in which most of the caudal-fin skeleton is fused into one large compound structure, e.g. in Hypsolebias trilineatus ([11]: Fig. 3)
Especially recent, molecular analyses support the close relationship of atheriniforms, beloniforms and cyprinodontiforms [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]
Summary
The caudal fin of teleosts is a highly diverse morphological structure and a valuable source of information for comparative analyses. Morphological studies of phylogenetic relationships of teleosts often use the caudal-fin skeleton as a rich source of information [6,7,8,9]. Within the Atherinomorpha, comprising the Atheriniformes, Beloniformes and Cyprinodontiformes [10], an immense variety is present, ranging from a presumably basal condition, with distinct hypurals, e.g. in Odontesthes bonariensis ([1]: Fig. 168), to taxa in which most of the caudal-fin skeleton is fused into one large compound structure, e.g. in Hypsolebias trilineatus ([11]: Fig. 3). This complicates outgroup comparisons for atherinomorph characters. The proposed assemblage of taxa offers new impulses for comparative analyses and will be used as working hypothesis in the present study
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