Abstract
Proteomics has become one of the most relevant high-throughput technologies. Several approaches have been used for studying, for example, tumor development, biomarker discovery, or microbiology. In this “post-genomic” era, the relevance of these studies has been highlighted as the phenotypes determined by the proteins and not by the genotypes encoding them that is responsible for the final phenotypes. One of the most interesting outcomes of these technologies is the design of new drugs, due to the discovery of new disease factors that may be candidates for new therapeutic targets. To our knowledge, no commercial fungicides have been developed from targeted molecular research, this review will shed some light on future prospects. We will summarize previous research efforts and discuss future innovations, focused on the fight against one of the main agents causing a devastating crops disease, fungal phytopathogens.
Highlights
Agriculture is one of the main human activities
In order to survive biocide exposure, the main objective of the fungi is to decrease the toxic concentration of these chemical compounds, and for this aim, several resistance mechanisms are activated [63,64,65,66], including: (1) an altered target site, which reduces the binding of the fungicide; (2) the synthesis of an alternative enzyme capable of substituting the target enzyme; (3) the overproduction of the fungicide target; (4) an active efflux or reduced uptake of the fungicide; and (5) a metabolic breakdown of the fungicide (Figure 2)
Significant advances have been achieved in several fields, such as medicine or microbiology
Summary
Agriculture is one of the main human activities. New improvements in crop cultures have paved the way for new settlements in the south of Spain, such as the strawberries cultivars in Huelva or grapevine plants in Jerez. Recent analysis of plant pathogen secretomes revealed several proteins i.e. arabinofuranosidase, that had previously been found in proteomic studies in Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotiniae sclerotiorum, but had disappeared from genomic approaches [6,7]. The role of these enzymes during the B. cinerea infection process is currently under investigation. One of the most interesting applications of the proteomics is its use in discovering new protein targets for drug design [5,10] It involves the identification and early validation of disease-associated targets. We will summarize future prospects with regard to fungicide design based on target selection and identification using proteomic approaches
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