Abstract
In contrast to rural distribution grids, which are mostly “feed-in oriented” in terms of electrical power, urban distribution grids are “load oriented”, as the number of customer connections and density of loads in urban areas is significantly higher than in rural areas. Taking into account the progressive electrification of the transport and heating sector, it is necessary to assess the required grid optimization or expansion measures from a conventional, as well as an innovative point of view. This is necessary in order to be able to contain the enormous investment volumes needed for transforming the energy system and aligning the infrastructures to their future requirements in time. Therefore, this article first explains the methodological approach of allocating scenarios of the development of electric mobility and heat pumps to analyzed grids. The article continues with describing which power values need to be applied and which conventional and innovative planning measures are available for avoiding voltage band violations and equipment overloads within the framework of strategic grid planning. Subsequently, the results of grid planning studies are outlined and evaluated with an assessment model that evaluates capital as well as operational costs. On this basis, planning and operation guidelines for urban low-voltage grids are derived. The main result is that low-voltage grids can accommodate charging infrastructure for electric mobility, as well as heat pumps to a certain degree. In addition, it is concluded that conventional planning measures are not completely avoidable, but can be partially avoided or deferred through dynamic load management.
Highlights
Technological progress is changing the energy industry, which is currently characterized by the increasing electrification of the mobility and heating sectors
If the evaluations of the secondary criteria are combined in the respective weightings, Figure 38 shows a different picture depending on the weighting to be considered
It should be noted that urban LV grids have a certain capability for integrating new loads, depending on the area structure, so that the load growth driven by charging infrastructure (CI) and heat pumps (HPs) does not lead to limit violations in every case
Summary
Technological progress is changing the energy industry, which is currently characterized by the increasing electrification of the mobility and heating sectors. For grid planning of low-voltage (LV) grids, DSOs usually apply planning and operation guidelines (POGs). The guidelines offer the advantage that not each grid has to be planned individually; general planning principles can be applied for the majority of grids using, for instance, predefined standard grid equipment. This standard equipment is kept in stock, e.g., a sufficient number of distribution transformers (DTs) or LV lines for the LV level, in order to be utilized quickly in the event of a fault. Due to ever-increasing electrical loads, the planning guidelines need to be adapted in general and the currently available power classes of DTs and LV lines must be reviewed and adjusted . Based on extensive LV grid planning, new POGs for urban LV grids are derived in the context of this article
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