Development of Modern Women's Entrepreneurship - "Digital Moms" in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Needless to say that the women entrepreneurs of Bangladesh lack behind in economic advancement and decision making abilities compared to men business entrepreneurs. Research shows that only seven percent of the total business establishments are owned and headed by women which are negligible in number in a country where more than 170 million people live. One of the reasons of poor development of women entrepreneurship is limited decision making abilities of the women at different level of the society. Hence, this study aims at identifying the factors related to the development of women decision making abilities among the women business entrepreneurs. This is a causal research and this study used primary data collected from the women entrepreneurs of seven administrative divisional head-quarters of Bangladesh enlisted in Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BWCCI) database. The study used both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to select 395 women business entrepreneurs who are involved in SME businesses for interview. The data were analyzed by using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques. The results show that the factors concerning women business entrepreneurship activities such as, enterprise management, enterprise resourcing, generating business ideas, and harvesting and growth are significantly related to the development of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. And the development of entrepreneurship helps developing decision making abilities of the women entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial factors that help to improve the abilities of decision making of the women entrepreneurs are concerned with cognitive, affective and psychomotor factors. This study suggests that the policy makers of this sector should emphasize the enhancement of the decision making abilities of the women in formulating the SME policy for the sustainable economic development of Bangladesh.

Factors Influencing the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh

Today, the problem of poverty has emerged as a global problem in all countries of the world. Due to the difference in economic development, poverty is different and has a relative meaning. Prevention and reduction of poverty and improving the quality of life of the people, increasing the interest and aspirations of women in women's entrepreneurship, creating favorable conditions for the development of their entrepreneurial activities are the main foundations of today's reforms. In a country where there is a gap between the incomes of the population, it is clear that there will be poor people. Therefore, poverty cannot be eradicated, but it can be reduced through the development of entrepreneurship. The poverty rate is inversely proportional to the economic level of the country, i.e., in developed economies, the poverty rate is low, and in weak economies it is high. The whole world has turned its attention to solving this problem.
 The accession of the Republic of Uzbekistan to global economic processes requires more active participation of women in the economic life of the country. Entrepreneurship is becoming an independent factor of women's sexual freedom in the economic sphere. At a time when society is renewing and entering the world economy, the development of women's entrepreneurship is encouraged. This is the main source of development of the real sector of the economy.
 Through the socio-economic development of women's entrepreneurship, it is possible to observe a certain positive effect on achieving sustainable economic development of the country, especially in the prevention of poverty. This article highlights the role of women's entrepreneurship in the country's economy and the problems in its development and their solutions, conclusions and recommendations.

Women entrepreneurship in B-cities in India is a dynamic yet under researched setting of intersectionalities of traditional limitations and emerging digital opportunities. This study is an exploration of how women entrepreneurs with small ventures such as selling food and handicrafts or providing digital services navigate and occupy their socio-cultural and institutional limitations in transforming personal passion into a business. It aims to explore how women entrepreneurs utilize cultural and institutional support, challenges encountered in the process of monetizing passion-led enterprises, and the extent to which digital platforms offer increased market access and promote growth and in a competitive environment. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from a stratified purposive sample of 200 women entrepreneurs across sectors of food, handicraft, digital services, and fashion. Quantitative data were analyzed utilising correlation, regression, and t-tests. The results show a significant positive correlation between cultural/institutional support & entrepreneurial support and development. Monetization and growth appear to be moderately impeded due to socio-cultural and financial constraints. Digital platforms, particularly WhatsApp Business and Instagram, are found to promote customer access and entrepreneurial development and growth while digital literacy knowledge gaps are a concern. In conclusion, determining the transition from passion to profit is influenced by the motivation of the personal entrepreneur, their social networks, institutional context, and digital skill. This study highlights the need for localized, policy, and capacity building in respect of the digital landscape to develop an inclusive support system that empowers, supports, and develops women entrepreneurs in urban India in the non-metropolitan context

Policy Implications to Improve the Business Environment to Encourage Female Entrepreneurship in the North of Vietnam

Female entrepreneurship is gaining an increasingly significant role on the domestic and international economic scene and represents an important potential for the development of a country's economy. In developed countries, women have special incentives and support for the development of their own entrepreneurship. In addition to the applied policies that protect women against discrimination and inequality, numerous organizations and associations that deal with women's issues and provide them with various types of support operate in these countries. Female entrepreneurship represents an important potential for the development of the global economy. Female entrepreneurship affects the reduction of unemployment, the establishment of businesses in new spheres, the application of new technologies and the development of entrepreneurship. This statement draws attention to the development trends of female entrepreneurship in developed countries, but also in developing countries. For women, success is not only measured in terms of profit, although financing is the biggest problem when starting and developing a business. It is very important for women that their descendants inherit their business, and the legacy of their business is very important to them in order to feel successful, but also the social impact of their company. The above is in support of the fact that women are better social entrepreneurs and open social enterprises more often, and all this is due to the fact that money is not the most important and decisive factor for them to engage in entrepreneurial activity.The paper investigates whether women entrepreneurs have any specific characteristics and what motivates them to entrepreneurship. It also identifies the obstacles that women face in establishing new businesses and what kind of support should be provided to them in order to encourage entrepreneurship. The main goal of this paper is to draw attention to the untapped potential of women entrepreneurs. Based on the identified problems and experiences of other countries described in the paper, initiatives and good practices can be defined to support women entrepreneurs that can be applied in domestic conditions. The paper ends with a description of organizations and programs that exist and are implemented in other countries, and have shown success in creating a positive climate for the development of female entrepreneurship.

Our research work on women's entrepreneurship in Algeria has allowed us to identify the social reality of women's entrepreneurship in Algeria, and thus to identify the difficulties and obstacles it faces. To understand the reasons for these obstacles, it became clear to us through these results the necessity of testing the hypothesis “that the difficulties faced by the enterprises are due to the environment in which they are located” and that is through their assessment of this environmental environment. To carry out this research, we relied on the methodology applied by the International Labor Organization. The evaluation framework for the environment of women's entrepreneurship revolves around six variables as follows, first, the existence of a legal and regulatory system sensitive to the gender dimension that contributes to the economic empowerment of women; Secondly ،the position of women entrepreneurship in the national politics, thirdly, the existence of programs for gendersensitive financial interests, fourthly, benefiting from interests to support the development of gendersensitive institutions, fifth, access to markets and access to technology, sixth, representation of women entrepreneurs and their participation in political dialogue. To achieve this research of assessing the environmental environment of women's business in Algeria, we interviewed 42 women entrepreneurs using the focal-loop technique from the states: Algiers, Bejaia, Annaba, Oran and El Bayadh. An assessment of the legal and political ecosystem for women's business in Algeria allowed us to conclude that laws and labor legislation do not constitute a major obstacle for women entrepreneurs who are active in the formal sector, but the practice and reality of the field negatively affect women's micro-enterprises. On the institutional level, the Ministry of Solidarity, Family and Women's Issues has a directorate charged with promoting women. Among its tasks is the development of women's entrepreneurship. The political interest in the development of women's entrepreneurship, the interest of employers in promoting the spirit of entrepreneurship among women, and the contribution of women's entrepreneurship associations to the promotion of quality entrepreneurship, translates into a consensus of various actors in the political, economic and social sphere on the strategic importance of developing women's entrepreneurship. However, access to information remains the weak point for women entrepreneurs

Critical Factors for the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Retail Business of Bangladesh

Purpose– This paper aims to identify developmental issues associated with women entrepreneurship, with the Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as a base. Subsequently, the paper also aims to devise certain stratagems and new policies for ensuring women entrepreneurial growth.Design/methodology/approach– An overview of the issues surrounding women entrepreneurship development in Malaysia is provided, drawing on the extant literature. The issues comprise cultural barriers, lack of spousal support, gender inequality, lack of confidence, weak social and business networking, few laws to support working families and neglected women entrepreneurs in the cottage industry, as well as domestic help and home-based childcare.Findings– Based on the issues identified, strategies are proposed to address them, contextualising on the gender aspect of women entrepreneurship.Practical implications– A summary is provided on the research and practical gaps from the perspective of strengthening women entrepreneurship and with the aim of encouraging further research in this area. The paper posits that an understanding of the gender aspect on issues related to the development of women entrepreneurship in Malaysia is required if policy measures are to be constructive in assisting women entrepreneurs in achieving their full entrepreneurial potential.Originality/value– Very limited studies have been undertaken in the past to assess the issues faced by women entrepreneurs in the context of overall development of women entrepreneurship. This is of great value to an SME-dominated economy such as Malaysia where the paper provides a comprehensive summary of the strategies and policy measures required to strengthen women entrepreneurship development.

Entrepreneurship development refers to the process of creating an environment that fosters entrepreneurship and supports the growth and success of entrepreneurial ventures. It plays a critical role in driving economic growth and job creation, as well as promoting innovation and competitiveness In the UAE, women make up only a small percentage of entrepreneurs, with the majority of businesses owned and operated by men. Gender considerations in entrepreneurship development requires promoting women's leadership and representation in the business community. It was found that UAE Gender Balance Council was set up with the aim of promoting gender balance across all sectors of society, and the Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Women's Entrepreneurship Initiative, which provides financial and non-financial support to women entrepreneurs. There are also several private sector initiatives aimed at supporting women's entrepreneurship in the UAE, including the Dubai Business Women Council, which provides business training and support to women entrepreneurs, and the Women's Angel Investor Network, which provides funding and mentorship to women-led businesses. Promoting gender diversity and inclusion in business can have a positive impact on the wider economy, by promoting innovation and growth. In conclusion, it is important to address the challenges that women entrepreneurs face in balancing their entrepreneurial activities with their family responsibilities. Beauracracy in accessing mentorship and networking opportunities, accessing technology and digital resources, accessing information and resources related to entrepreneurship and in accessing business incubators and accelerators. The study recommended that the government should encourage more women to participate in entrepreneurship by promoting female role models and highlighting the successes of women entrepreneurs in the UAE.  Develop mentorship and networking programs that are specifically tailored to the needs of women entrepreneurs. Provide opportunities for women entrepreneurs to connect with international networks and markets. Increase the representation of women on boards and in senior leadership positions in businesses and organizations. This can help to create a more inclusive and diverse business environment in the UAE. Encourage the development of women-led and women-owned businesses in the UAE. Keywords: Gender Considerations, Entrepreneurship Development, United Arab Emirates

The issue of social networks is central to scholars' examinations of China's economic reform and its transitional society. This article presents an effort to examine the impact of the property rights reform on the evolution of entrepreneurs' social networks in the context of rural China. This study proposes three different patterns of social networks: in-group networks, official-centered networks, and market-oriented networks; and examines how the significance of different network patterns has evolved under the context of institutional change. By using data collected in Wuxi city, Jiangsu province, China, this article attempts to explore four significant questions. Do social networks still matter? How is the significance of different patterns of social networks changing? Why could this happen? In which fields do social networks still matter?

Socioeconomic Factors of Women Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh

Entrepreneurship is seen as an important tool in the prevention of women's unemployment and in the fight against poverty in underdeveloped and developing countries. Entrepreneurship becomes particularly obligatory for many women to substitute a kind of employment to provide additional income to the family. Drawing on Bowen and Hisrich's a career perspective to women's entrepreneurship and the context of a successful entrepreneurial career of a woman in Turkey, this chapter aims to discuss women's entrepreneurship by focusing on the reasons as to why women might choose entrepreneurship as a career choice. Another contribution is to provide a platform aimed at encouraging the mindset for the development of women's employment and entrepreneurship. In this context, the chapter provides explanations for the reasons for women's entrepreneurship within the push and pull factors. Furthermore, the main demographics of women entrepreneurs, their general personality characteristics, the sectors they operate in, and the difficulties they face are discussed.

This chapter gives an overview of women entrepreneurship in Montenegro. The chapter starts with offering a historical summary of a woman’s role in Montenegro, which serves as the basis for further analysis of the development of women entrepreneurship. It further analyzes demographic indicators, as well asobstacles and challenges which are relevant for the development of women entrepreneurship. The analysis shows that women entrepreneurship is a concept that is more used in Montenegrin economic theory, but it is hardly present in everyday life. Besides, there are no precise details on participation of women entrepreneurship in economy. A significant segment of the chapter is analysis of business environment and institutional support in the function of development of women entrepreneurship, with a special overview of the role of the strategy of the development of women entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial activity brings employment, economic growth, and wealth and represents an essential component of the advanced economy. On the other hand, it is a fact that the participation of women in creating politics in Montenegro is insufficient, i.e., a relatively small number of women are present in the leading positions and positions for decision-making. The chapter finishes with offering recommendations and guidelines for future development of women entrepreneurship in Montenegro. In that sense, a key element for increasing women entrepreneurial activity is multiple support to greater number of women to get involved in the business. Women entrepreneurship in economically less developed countries helps women to avoid the trap of poverty. Additionally, women entrepreneurship breaks entrepreneurial stereotypes which are rooted in society for a long time.

Women entrepreneurs are challenged by access to finance in their quest to start any entrepreneurial activity. Global business failures have not spared women entrepreneurs; hence, this study is very significant, as it may direct the path to new business venture creation by women entrepreneurs. The provision of financial support to a business enterprise does not guarantee its success or growth. The study explored the role access to finance plays in entrepreneurship development, the strategies that stimulate women’s entrepreneurship, and the relationship between access to finance and entrepreneurship development. We used beta coefficients to quantify the effects of access to finance on entrepreneurship development. The findings revealed that women entrepreneurs find it difficult to access cheap and adequate financial services. The study recommends increased funding, development of good policies, and entrepreneurship training and education for women-owned businesses in order to strengthen women’s entrepreneurship development.