DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENT FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' READING LITERACY AND NUMERATION ON THERMOCHEMICAL MATERIAL

Reading literacy is a prerequisite for achieving 21st century skills. To measure students' reading literacy skills, the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture released a Minimum Competency Assessment program known as AKM. This study aims to develop a reading literacy test instrument refers on Problem-Based biology learning for high school students. The test was developed using references from the AKM test model.
 The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D) with a 4-D model. In this study, the data collected were qualitative data and quantitative data. The qualitative data is the design result of a reading literacy test. The quantitative data includes the validity of the content of the instrument, the characteristics of the question items, the implementation of Problem-Based biology learning, and the level of student literacy ability. The data is analyzed descriptively using a variety of appropriate criteria according to the type of data collected.
 The reading literacy ability test refers on Problem-Based biology learning contains questions in the form of multiple choice (6 items), complex multiple choice (12 items), matching (3 items), short answer question (2 items) and essay (7 items). The question items are arranged with the content of the informational text and the context of the scientific text on the excretory system material. The validity rate is very valid (93.14%). The test questions have a "medium" difficulty level with a P value of 0.671. The differentiating index of the question item is included in the "good" criteria with a value of Rpbis 0.380. The reliability of the question item is very high (Alpha 0.854). The functioning of the choices is categorized as good. The percentage of implementation the Problem-Based biology learning is very high (100%). The reading literacy level of class XI students of Godong 1 Public SHS is dominated by the proficient level (54%) while class XI students of Semarang 12 Public SHS are dominated by an advanced level (46%).
 Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the reading literacy test refers on Problem-Based biology learning developed is very valid to be used in measuring high school students' literacy ability.

The objectives of this research and development are (1) to produce a product prototype of the PIRLS equivalent reading literacy competency assessment instrument with educative cultural content text for grade 6 elementary school students, (2) to test the PIRLS equivalent reading literacy competency assessment instrument with educative cultural content text for grade 6 elementary school students from the aspects of content validity, construct validity, Esay question reliability test, Objective question reliability test, difficulty level, and differentiability. This type of research and development uses the Borg & Gall model which consists of 10 stages. The data collected is qualitative and quantitative data. The data is related to content validity, construct validity, readability, and practicality of the assessment instrument as well as the practicality of the user manual. The collected data were analyzed with content validity (Gregory), Product Moment, and Cronbach's Alpha. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, the results of the correlation person analysis for the overall r value of 30 items > r table for subject 28 the r table value is 0.361 with the acquisition of the smallest value of 0.383 and the largest of 0.724. In addition to the results of the limited subject test, the results of the analysis of the broad subject test using SPSS for windows version 26 software also showed the results that the person correlation value for the reading literacy competency assessment instrument from a total of 30 items obtained a calculated r value> r table for subjects 141 people the r table value of 0.361 with the acquisition of the smallest value of 0.439 and the largest value of 0.896. While the acquisition of the teacher response score is 0.882. So, based on these results it can be said that the product of the reading literacy competency assessment instrument equivalent to the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study with educational cultural content text is suitable for direct use for every grade 6 elementary school student.

This study aims to develop an instrument test geometric transformation using context of Banten culture. The method is RD with model Wilson, which is consist of 3 stages: design testing, trial testing, and testing assembly. The feasibility of the instrument was measured based on content validity by two lecture of mathematics education and five mathematics teacher at senior high school and empirical validity, reliability, discriminating power and level of difficulty. The results showed that the instrument test shows eligibility criteria based on content validity and empirical validity, the high reliability category, the difficulty level was divided into easy questions 40%), moderate questions (48%), and difficult questions (12%), and different power questions met the criteria of good (40%) and sufficient (60%). Thus, researchers can conclude that instrument test using context Banten culture can use to measure understanding of the concept of geometric transformation at high school.

This study aims to: (1) develop teaching materials for the IPAS project in the motorcycle engineering department to enhance reading literacy; (2) produce feasible teaching materials for the IPAS project in the motorcycle engineering department to improve reading literacy; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of these materials in enhancing students' reading literacy. This research follows a Research and Development approach using the ADDIE model, which consists of five phases: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The study was conducted in a Vocational High School in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, during the 2024/2025 academic year, involving 216 tenth-grade students from three schools classified as having good, moderate, and low reading literacy levels. The teaching materials were validated by experts in content, media, language, and pedagogy using a validation questionnaire. Instrument trials were analyzed for validity, reliability, discrimination index, difficulty level, and question differentiation. The effectiveness of teaching materials was analyzed by t-test. Based on the research, it's concluded that the characteristics of PjBL-based IPAS teaching materials consist of opening, content, and closing sections. The feasibility of teaching materials is declared valid and feasible to use in learning, and it is effective in improving students' reading literacy skills.

This study aimed to implement a Minimum Competency Assessment (MCA) test instruments that meets the criteria of a good and proper test in terms of validity, reliability, level of difficulty, distinguishing power, and that can be used to describe the level of student competence which is then used to develop appropriate, effective, and quality learning strategies. The research method used in this study was the development and validation (D&V) method. The study was conducted on 30 grade XI students at one high school in Bandung, Indonesia. The product resulting from this research was an MCA test instrument consisting of 7 essay questions, 2 short essay questions, 1 matchmaking question, 4 multiple choice questions, and 6 complex multiple-choice questions, which contain local culture or ethnoscience of Indonesian batik crafts, coconut water, and Balinese nira vinegar, on the topic of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions. This test instrument was declared valid based on content validity on the CVR value and empirical validity on the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, where 3 questions were valid with very high criteria, 6 valid questions with high criteria, and 11 valid questions with moderate criteria. Reliability analysis reached >0.80 points with very high criteria and reliability. The level of difficulty of the questions was also analyzed, it was found that 16 questions were considered moderate and 4 questions were easy. Additionally, distinguishing level analysis showed that 13 questions were excellent, 4 questions were good, and 3 questions were sufficient.

This study aimed to generate an online teacher training model that can be used to improve teachers' reading literacy and numeracy. The method used to develop an online Teacher Training Model for Reading Literacy and Numeracy Improvement was ADDIE, that consisted of five stages, including analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. Quantitative data were gathered in the form of expert and practitioner validation scores. Qualitative data included expert and practitioner critiques, recommendations, and feedback. The model was applied online via the zoom application. The findings indicate that the activities included in the teacher training model can improve teachers' reading literacy and numeracy. These activities include fostering positive attitudes and perceptions of the classroom atmosphere and training assignments, identifying the characteristics of reading literacy and numeracy through problem analysis, recognizing, comparing, criticizing, and reflecting on reading literacy and numeracy questions, compiling reading literacy and numeracy questions, performing diagnostic tests to recognize reading literacy and numeracy, preparing lesson plans, and peer teaching. The research findings suggest that the online teacher training model developed for improving teachers' reading literacy and numeracy is valid and applicable.

This research was conducted based on the results of observations and interviews on the lack of teacher involvement in the process of preparing the minimum ability assessment test instrument (AKM) and many teachers and prospective teachers do not know what components are measured in the AKM. This study aims to develop a minimum ability assessment test instrument (AKM) for reading literacy and numeracy in the thematic learning of fifth grade elementary school based on the Program International Student Assessment (PISA) framework. The research method used is a research and development (R&D) method with a 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). This research was carried out with a small-scale test at SDIT AkmalaSabila with 19 students and a large-scale test at SDN 6 Arjawinangun, Cirebon Regency with 47 students. In addition to developing the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework, this research is also to assess the Eligibility and quality aspects of the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework that was developed. Data and collection techniques in this study include questionnaires, tests, and documentation. The data were analyzed using several formulas of validity, reliability, and level of difficulty. Based on the results of the study, the average percentage of Eligibility of the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework obtained from the validation of material, language and construction experts is 93.75% in the very valid category. The results of the quality of the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework shown that there were 26 or 83.87% items categorized valid, 5 or 17% items categorized as invalid. The result of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient value of 0.941 so that the question has a very high reliable value. The results of the difficulty level index were 23 or 88.46% questions in the medium category and 3 or 11.54% questions in the easy category. Keywords: Test Instrument, AKM, literacy and numeracy, framework PISA.

The study investigated the reading literacy and academic performance of Grade 11 learners towards the development of a study guide. The study aimed to 1) determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their age, sex, and learning strand; 2) analyze a significant difference between the reading literacy of learners when grouped according to their demographic characteristics; 3) evaluate the level of reading literacy of Grade 11 learners in terms of locating information, understanding and evaluating and reflecting, 4) know the academic performance of Grade 11 learners for Academic Year 2022-2023; 5) analyze the significant relationship between the reading literacy and academic performance of learners; 6) determine the significant relationships among the skills in reading literacy of learners; And; What study guide can be proposed to enhance the reading literacy of Grade 11 learners? A correlational research design was used as the research design of the study. Three hundred fifty-one learners from five senior high schools in SDO Bacoor City were used as the respondents. Demographic profiles, reading literacy, and academic performance of learners were obtained through a survey. Results showed that the ability of learners to locate information was found to be very satisfactory. Meanwhile, learners’ understanding, and evaluating and reflecting were found to be fairly satisfactory. It was found that there were significant differences among the reading literacy of Grade 11 learners from various learning strands. A positive correlation between text processing skills and academic performance was also found. Furthermore, significant relationships among these skills were determined. The study recommends ensuring an effective utilization of the study guide created by the researcher to address the needs of the learners on their reading literacy enhancement. Keywords: Reading Literacy, Academic Performance, Study Guide, Grade 11

This research used quantitative descriptive approach. It aims to analysis the quality of instruments test include validity, reliability, difficulty level and index of determinant to develop tests of critical thinking skills and creative thinking skills of prospective pre-service biology teachers on marine ecology theory. The test used instrument consisted of 2 type namely question descriptions and two tier multiple choice. There were two test of validation, namely content validation and empirical validation. The results of content validation concluded the question tests that feasible to be used with improvements. The results of empirical validation show that the ten items are valid question descriptions category and two invalid categorized questions. Where as instrument test twenty-three of two tier multiple choice valid in categories and four invalid categorical questions. Question descriptions instrument test used reliability analysis using Cronbach Alpha r11 = 0.73 (high). Instrument test two tier multiple choice used KR-20 r11 = 0.83 (very high), therefore the instruments test made are suitable for implementation in marine ecology. The average value of high order thinking skills for the question descriptions instrument test achieved by students was 26, while the two tier multiple choices instrument test 28. The highest value of the description questions instrument test achieved by students is 56 and the lowest score is 3. The highest value of two tier multiple choice questions instrument test achieved by students is 56 and the lowest score is 11. It shows that the ability of high order thinking skills of students is still lacking.

Literacy skills are very important abilities for students and are being encouraged to do so as a necessary prerequisite for lifelong learning. Because literacy skills are abilities that can be used to empower and improve the quality of individuals, families, communities, and countries. This study aims to (1) describe students' reading literacy and mathematical literacy skills based on the level of self-confidence of students in schools accredited A and B, as well as male and female students; (2) to test the comparability of reading literacy, mathematical literacy, and self-confidence based on the level of school accreditation and gender. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The sample in this study was selected using cluster sampling. The sample consisted of two public schools accredited A and B, and two private schools accredited A and B. The instruments in this study were reading literacy questions, mathematical literacy questions, student self-confidence questionnaires, and interview guidelines. The conclusions in this research are: (1) the descriptions are: (a) For schools with A accreditation, only confident students can process gathering information, processing information, and communicating information on reading literacy, while for mathematical literacy students who are confident can carry out the process Devising Strategies for Solving Problems indicators. For schools with B accreditation, students who are confident, confident enough, and less confident have carried out all the reading literacy processes, but there are still some mistakes and not according to the concept, while for mathematical literacy, students who are confident and confident enough can carry out process indicator Devising Strategies for Solving Problems. (b) For male students and female students who are confident, confident enough, and less confident to carry out the process of gathering information, processing information, and communicating information on reading literacy but still make some mistakes and do not fit the concept. As for mathematical literacy, confident female students can carry out the Communication process and Devising Strategies for Solving Problems. (2) For the comparison test, namely: (a) There is no difference in reading literacy between students from A and B accredited schools; (b) There are differences in mathematical literacy between students from A and B accredited schools; (c) There are differences in reading literacy and mathematical literacy between male students and female students; (d) There is no level of student confidence based on school accreditation and gender.

According to national and international studies, students’ literacy in Indonesia performed in a low level. Given the literacy conditions of students in Indonesia, as described above, teachers play a crucial role in preparing students for the future, considering that importance of literacy skills in the 21st century. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how social emotional learning strategies using mindfulness techniques, namely the "STOP" technique, can improve students' reading literacy. The research was carried out on students at elementary schools with a sample of 30 students. The independent variable in this research is social emotional learning strategies, while the dependent variable is students' reading literacy. The research was carried out using a mindfulness technique called the "STOP" technique. The research design used is a quantitative research design. Data was collected using instruments in the form of observation sheets, questionnaires, interviews and written tests. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis, normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test. Data analysis was carried out manually and also using the SPSS 22 application. The results obtained showed that the social emotional learning strategy could increase the competency level of most students from basic level to most proficient level. This proves that the social emotional learning strategy with mindfulness techniques, namely the "STOP" technique, provides an increase in students' reading literacy.

The main analysis in developing assessment instruments is reliability and validity. A validity test is carried out to determine the appropriateness instrument that will be developed, both construction validity and content validity. The reliability test is to determine the level of consistency of the instrument that has been developed. This research was conducted to develop the HOTS ability to test items for high school students. The grid test instruments are arranged based on competence and HOTS indicators, which are then used to arrange items. The test instrument consisted of ten question items relating to the HOTS Thermodynamic Law problem, which included: 1) analyzing the magnitude of engine efficiency, work, heat, and internal energy changes, 2) evaluating Carnot's efficiency, and 3) creating a heat engine. The assessment of the instrument HOTS test obtained Aiken's V score in the range of 0.83 to 0.94, which is in the valid criteria. The validated instrument was piloted in 141 science grade XI student in High School 2 Batang, at Batang Regency, Central Java. The level difficulty of the Polytomous data was analyzed using the QUEST program for classical analysis and PARSCALE 4 for modern analytical theory based on the Partial Credit Model (PCM). The results of data analysis of the experimental items show that of the ten-question items, all are compatible with PCM. The reliability of the test instrument is 0.84, and the item difficulty level is in the range of 0.83 to 1.22. Information functions and Standard Error Measurement (SEM) indicate that test questions developed reliably to measure HOTS students' ability with an average category in -1.9 <θ <+1.7 logit scale with SEM ± 0.5.

The purpose of this study was to develop a scientific literacy-based test instrument to measure students' scientific literacy at SMA Negeri 9 Bengkulu City in thermochemistry material. The development model used is the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research subjects were classes XI MIPA 3 and XI MIPA 2 at SMA Negeri 9 Bengkulu City for the academic year 2022/2023 which were selected based on a purposive sampling technique with a population of 3 classes, which was then subjected to a homogeneity test so that a homogeneous class was obtained, namely class XI MIPA 2 for large scale test and XI MIPA 3 for small scale test. The research period starts from January to September 2022. The research data was obtained from interviews, expert validation sheets, empirical test analysis, reliability, level of difficulty, discriminating power, and analysis of students' scientific literacy levels. The number of instruments developed is 6 items in the form of essays. The research results were obtained using the Ministep application, so that the items developed were declared valid by the validator with a CVR (Content Validity Ratio) value of at least 0.78 for each question, and the CVI (Content Validity Text) value obtained was 0. 94 with very good category. The results of the empirical validity test were carried out on 15 students of class XI MIPA 3 and obtained 8 valid questions. The developed scientific literacy-based test instrument has a reliability value of 0.85 in the very good reliability category so that it can be used to measure students' scientific literacy level. The results of implementing the development of scientific literacy-based test instruments obtained 1 student who had a high level of scientific literacy, 2 students who had a moderate level of scientific literacy, and 23 students with a scientific literacy level at the nominal scientific Literacy level. The results of the development of scientific literacy-based test instruments have proven to be accurate and reliable so that they can be used to measure students' scientific literacy, especially in thermochemical material.
 Keywords: development, chemical test instrumen, scientific literacy, and thermochemistry

The teaching materials used are English teaching materials which contain local learning concepts that increase the discussion of how to read English correctly in pronouncing words in accordance with grammar. Therefore, English teaching materials are very useful for students to master reading literacy skills. English is also part of the international language contained in the subjects applied in schools. In this case, students are required to have English teaching materials as a guide in mastering English knowledge and are also able to compete nationally and internationally. Thus, the purpose of this study was born, namely to determine the analysis of the need for the development of locally based English teaching materials to improve reading literacy. This research uses a design research development method that takes the form of a type of study validation. The basis of the use of this type of method proves from the theory of learning at the stage of needs analysis. The results of the study show that the usefulness of local learning teaching materials can increase students' reading literacy more independently. Local learning teaching materials can make it easier for teachers to be used as a source of learning media. The conclusion of this study is that local learning teaching materials can be implemented for learning activities and English language learning is more practical and easy to understand .

Merdeka Belajar curriculum is the brand-new curriculum implemented in Indonesia in response to the low reading literacy of students. Many discussed the features and the implementation of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum and claim that implementing the current curriculum is effective in improving students' reading literacy due to its features, such as simpler yet in-depth materials and flexible time for learning outcome accomplishment; however, there is not yet any empirical evidence provided to prove the claim. This descriptive research was undertaken to provide empirical evidence of that claim as the curriculum has just been implemented. Twelve teachers across senior high schools in West Sumatera were willingly involved in this study. The data were collected through a written interview, in which the teachers answered ten relevant questions. Their responses about the implementation of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum were analyzed qualitatively. The findings established new facts that answered the research question from the teachers' point of view. First, compared to the 2013 curriculum implementation, they did not only see the implementation of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum as advantageous but also disadvantageous. Even few of them found it run-of-the-mill. Second, when implementing the current curriculum, the teacher developed strategies to increase students' reading literacy and interest. They began by supplying multiple materials, designing fun but exhaustive learning instructional activities, varying the assessments, and building reading corners with captivating books to read. Third, after a year of implementation, the students' reading literacy tended to stay the same, even though it did improve a little for some students. These were because the teachers still experienced problems regarding curriculum, school, and time. In summary, implementing the Merdeka Belajar curriculum cannot improve students' reading literacy.