Development of ingestive and social behavior of buffalo calves in a cow-calf contact grazing system

Adaptive trade-offs between foraging and social behavior intuitively explain many aspects of individual decision-making. Given the intimate connection between social behavior and feeding/foraging at the behavioral level, we propose that social behaviors are linked to foraging on a mechanistic level, and that modifications of feeding circuits are crucial in the evolution of complex social behaviors. In this Review, we first highlight the overlap between mechanisms underlying foraging and parental care and then expand this argument to consider the manipulation of feeding-related pathways in the evolution of other complex social behaviors. We include examples from diverse taxa to highlight that the independent evolution of complex social behaviors is a variation on the theme of feeding circuit modification.

This research is motivated by factual conditions that occur in society, especially in early childhood, the widespread use of gaway in all circles of society. The purpose of this study was to see the trend tiktok on the development of early childhood social behavior. The research method uses a literature study approach. The data collection technique is by collecting several previous studies to answer the feasibility, responses, and findings after seeing the condition of the development of early childhood social behavior. The previous research that has been collected is then compiled, analyzed, and concluded so as to get a conclusion regarding the analysis of the trend of shaking tiktok on the development of early childhood social behavior. The conclusion in this study can be drawn that from the results of data analysis it was found that tiktok can change children's behavior, tiktok affects children's concentration in learning, makes children negligent in learning, tiktok makes children dishonest, tiktok makes children disrespect their parents, children spends a lot of time playing tiktok. Therefore, parental supervision is needed so that children can avoid the bad effects of using tiktok.

In this paper, I report the results of experimental study of kin and its influence on the tendency of larvae to cannibalize eggs in the flour beetle, Tribolium confusum. Kin has been defined by Maynard Smith (1964, 1976) as that evolutionary process which occurs when individuals within a randomly mating population interact with one another in a non-random way with respect to kinship. This process is believed to exert a significant influence on the evolution of social behaviors, that is, on the ways in which individuals interact (Hamilton, 1963, 1964a, 1964b; E. 0. Wilson, 1971, 1975; Dawkins, 1976; Trivers and Hare, 1976; Barash, 1977). Kin was originally defined in contrast to and as alternative to group (Maynard Smith, 1964). The key distinction between the two evolutionary processes was the presence or absence of discontinuities in the population breeding structure. Kin did require any discontinuities in population breeding (Maynard Smith, 1964, p. 1145) and partial reproductive isolation of breeding was essential. On the other hand, group required groups of relatives . . . wholely or partially isolated from other members of the species (ibid. p. 1147) and the existence of partially isolated breeding was an essential condition for group selection (ibid. p. 1145). In 1976, Maynard Smith elaborated on this distinction and added that the differential extinction of some and the 'reproduction' of others are essential features of evolution by group selection, (p. 279) and that the terms group should be confined to cases in which the group (deme or species) is the unit of selection (p. 282). This elaboration is in accord with most uses of the term group (Wright, 1931; Lewontin, 1970; E. 0. Wilson, 1973; Levin and Kilmer, 1974; D. S. Wilson, 1975; Wade, 1977, 1978a). However, it is precisely this aspect of the definition of kin which has led certain authors (D. S. Wilson, 1975, 1977; E. 0. Wilson, 1975; Wade, 1978b, 1979a, and in press) to assert that kin is a type of group selection. That is, kin depends on a population structure whether kin exist as actual physical units or whether individuals modify their behaviors according to the degree of genetic relatedness between themselves and the individuals they encounter. And, it is the heritable variance between these which determines the rate of evolutionary response to kin (D. S. Wilson, 1975, 1977; Wade, 1978b, 1979a). The experimental study of kin reported here contributes to the elucidation of the role of population breeding structure in the evolution of social behaviors. I will adopt the definition of a social behavior as interaction between conspecifics which changes the fitness of the interactants. Social behaviors are one example from a class of traits which are uniquely influenced in their evolution by population structure. This occurs because social behaviors can affect not only genotypic fitnesses within a group but also the fitness of the group as a whole relative to other of different genotypic composition (Wade, in press). Templeton (1979) and Wilson (1979) discuss the evolution of several other traits where population structure is likely to be important. Kin has received considerable attention in regard to its possible influence on the evolution of altruistic social behavior, but as Hamilton (1964a, 1964b) has emphasized, kin can influence

Early social experiences can affect the development and expression of individual social behaviour throughout life. In particular, early‐life social deprivations, notably of parental care, can later have deleterious consequences. We can, therefore, expect rearing procedures such as hand‐raising—widely used in ethology and socio‐cognitive science—to alter the development of individual social behaviour. We investigated how the rearing style later affected (a) variation in relationship strength among peers and (b) individuals’ patterns of social interactions, in three captive groups of juvenile non‐breeders consisting of either parent‐raised or hand‐raised birds, or a mix of both rearing styles. In the three groups, irrespectively of rearing style: strongest relationships (i.e., higher rates of association and affiliations) primarily emerged among siblings and familiar partners (i.e., non‐relatives encountered in early life), and mixed‐sex and male–male partners established relationships of similar strength, indicating that the rearing style does not severely affect the quality and structure of relationships in young ravens. However, compared to parent‐raised ravens, hand‐raised ravens showed higher connectedness, i.e., number of partners with whom they mainly associated and affiliated, but formed on average relationships of lower strength, indicating that social experience in early life is not without consequences on the development of ravens’ patterns of social interaction. The deprivation of parental care associated with the presence of same‐age peers during hand‐raising seemed to maximize ravens’ propensity to interact with others, indicating that besides parents, interactions with same‐age peers matter. Opportunities to interact with, and socially learn from peers, might thus be the key to the acquisition of early social competences in ravens.

This study aims to determine the influence of playing hide and seek on the development of social behavior in children aged 4-5 years at KB Azzahra. The research employs a one-group pretest-posttest design, involving 20 children from Group A as subjects. During the study, all participants underwent a pre-test, 4 sessions of hide and seek as a treatment, a post-test, and interviews with educators. The variables measured include the learning of hide and seek (independent variable) and the development of social behavior (dependent variable). The results indicate a significant increase in the average post-test score (109.70) compared to the pre-test score (71.65), with a statistical analysis t-test result of 24.284, df = 19, standard deviation = 38.050, and a significance value (2-tailed) = 0.000. Before the treatment, 85% of the children were in the category of beginning to develop (MB), and 15% had not yet developed (BB), while after the treatment, all children were in the category of developing as expected (BSH). These findings suggest that playing hide and seek has a positive impact on the development of children's social behavior, aligning with previous research by Asmidar (2022). This game is effective in promoting interaction, cooperation, and communication, and is crucial for the development of children's social skills.

Social behavior has long puzzled evolutionary biologists, since the classical theory of natural selection maintains that individuals should not sacrifice their own fitness to affect that of others. Social Evolution and Inclusive Fitness Theory argues that a theory first presented in 1963 by William D. Hamilton—inclusive fitness theory—provides the most fundamental and general explanation for the evolution and maintenance of social behavior in the natural world. James Marshall guides readers through the vast and confusing literature on the evolution of social behavior, introducing and explaining the competing theories that claim to provide answers to questions such as why animals evolve to behave altruistically. Using simple statistical language and techniques that practicing biologists will be familiar with, he provides a comprehensive yet easily understandable treatment of key concepts and their repeated misinterpretations. Particular attention is paid to how more realistic features of behavior, such as nonadditivity and conditionality, can complicate analysis. Marshall highlights the general problem of identifying the underlying causes of evolutionary change, and proposes fruitful approaches to doing so in the study of social evolution. Social Evolution and Inclusive Fitness Theory describes how inclusive fitness theory addresses both simple and complex social scenarios, the controversies surrounding the theory, and how experimental work supports the theory as the most powerful explanation for social behavior and its evolution.

The Physiological and Genomic Bases of Bumble Bee Social Behaviour

Social behavior has long puzzled evolutionary biologists, since the classical theory of natural selection maintains that individuals should not sacrifice their own fitness to affect that of others. This book argues that a theory first presented in 1963 by William D. Hamilton—inclusive fitness theory—provides the most fundamental and general explanation for the evolution and maintenance of social behaviors in the natural world. The book guides readers through the vast and confusing literature on the evolution of social behavior, introducing and explaining the competing theories that claim to provide answers to questions such as why animals evolve to behave altruistically. Using simple statistical language and techniques that practicing biologists will be familiar with, the book provides a comprehensive yet easily understandable treatment of key concepts and their repeated misinterpretations. Particular attention is paid to how more realistic features of behavior, such as nonadditivity and conditionality, can complicate analysis. The book highlights the general problem of identifying the underlying causes of evolutionary change, and proposes fruitful approaches to doing so in the study of social evolution. It describes how inclusive fitness theory addresses both simple and complex social scenarios, the controversies surrounding the theory, and how experimental work supports the theory as the most powerful explanation for social behavior and its evolution.

We examined the role of the amygdala in the development of nonhuman primate social behavior. Twenty-four rhesus monkeys received bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of either the amygdala or the hippocampus or received a sham surgical procedure at 2 weeks of age. Subjects were reared with their mothers and were provided daily access to social rearing cohorts. The subjects were weaned at 6 months of age and then observed while paired with familiar conspecifics at 6 and 9 months of age and with unfamiliar conspecifics at 1 year of age. The subjects were also observed during daily cohort socialization periods. Neither amygdala nor hippocampus lesions altered fundamental aspects of social behavior development. All subjects, regardless of lesion condition, developed a species-typical repertoire of social behavior and displayed interest in conspecifics during social encounters. The amygdala lesions, however, clearly affected behaviors related to fear processing. The amygdala-lesioned subjects produced more fear behaviors during social encounters than did control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. Although the heightened fear response of the amygdala-lesioned subjects was consistent across different testing paradigms and was observed with both familiar and novel partners, it did not preclude social interactions. In fact, the amygdala-lesioned subjects displayed particular social behaviors, such as following, cooing, grunting, presenting to be groomed, and presenting to be mounted more frequently than either control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. These findings are consistent with the view that the amygdala is not needed to develop fundamental aspects of social behavior and may be more related to the detection and avoidance of environmental dangers.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone improves abnormal functional development of whisker-mediated tactile perception and social behaviors caused by neonatal whisker trimming

The Evolution of Social Behaviour

Nonapeptides, by modulating the activity of neural circuits in specific social contexts, provide an important mechanism underlying the evolution of diverse behavioral phenotypes across vertebrate taxa. Vasotocin-family nonapeptides, in particular, have been found to be involved in behavioral plasticity and diversity in social behavior, including seasonal variation, sexual dimorphism, and species differences. Although nonapeptides have been the focus of a great deal of research over the last several decades, the vast majority of this work has focused on adults. However, behavioral diversity may also be explained by the ways in which these peptides shape neural circuits and influence social processes during development. In this review, I synthesize comparative work on vasotocin-family peptides during development and classic work on early forms of social learning in developmental psychobiology. I also summarize recent work demonstrating that early life manipulations of the nonapeptide system alter attachment, affiliation, and vocal learning in zebra finches. I thus hypothesize that vasotocin-family peptides are involved in the evolution of social behaviors through their influence on learning during sensitive periods in social development.

The arginine vasopressin V1a receptor gene (AVPR1A) has been implicated in increased partner preference and pair bonding behavior in mammalian lineages. This observation is of considerable importance for studies of social monogamy, which only appears in a small subset of primate taxa, including the Argentinean owl monkey (Aotus azarai). Thus, to investigate the possible influence of AVPR1A on the evolution of social behavior in owl monkeys, we sequenced this locus in a wild population from the Gran Chaco. We also assessed the interspecific variation of AVPR1A in platyrrhine species that represent a set of phylogenetically and behaviorally disparate taxa. The resulting data revealed A. azarai to have a unique genic structure for AVPR1A that varies in coding sequence and microsatellite repeat content relative to other primate and mammalian species. Specifically, one repetitive region that has been the focus in studies of human AVPR1A diversity, "RS3," is completely absent in A. azarai and all other platyrrhines examined. This finding suggests that, if AVPR1A modulates behavior in owl monkeys and other neotropical primates, it does so independent of this region. These observations have also provided clues about the process by which the range of social behavior in the Order Primates evolved through lineage-specific neurogenetic variation.

The chapters in this section offer fascinating insights into the social behavior and social organization of various primates. They emphasize the importance of long-term fieldwork on identified individuals for learning about the evolution and ecology of social behavior. As such, these essays are extremely valuable not only because they review current information but also because they go beyond mere paradigm and often lazy-thinking about the factors that influence group-living in free-ranging animals. To wit, and in the spirit of the other chapters in this forward-looking and very important book, the authors show that cooperation even among non-kin is very important in structuring the social organization of different species living in different environments. They emphasize that cooperation has not merely evolved to reduce aggression or as a reaction to competition but serves a significant, perhaps a leading role, in the evolution of social behavior and social organization. To simply put it, cooperation is normal behavior.

This chapter provides an overview of the role of two mammalian neuropeptide hormones, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), in the development and expression of social behaviors, including selective behaviors that are indicative of social bonds. It begins by giving a general background on social behavior in monogamous species, as well as the previously studied physiological and behavioral effects of OT and vasopressin. This is followed by a description of animal studies describing the role of OT and AVP during development. It then discusses current knowledge of possible developmental actions of OT and AVP, especially as these may be related to psychopathologies in later life.