Development of an Algorithmic Thinking Scale Based on the Futschek Model in Mathematics Education

This research aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the "Oral Health Assessment Tool for the Elderly" Turkish form. A total of 262 elderly individuals>65 years of age were included in the study. These individuals were selected from community-dwelling elderly and nursing home residents in the Konya province of Turkey. A data form containing sociodemographic information and oral health behavior was used to collect the data. In addition, the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index and the Oral Health Assessment Tool for the Elderly were used. To create the Turkish version of the tool, the form was translated and back-translated for content validity. Expert opinion was obtained for criterion validity. Last, confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed to evaluate construct validity. Test-retest reliability, interobserver reliability, and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were calculated. The Tool Turkish form consisted of 10 items and two factors. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0.86. The total variance explained by the items was 60.19%, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.95. The content validity index was 0.90, and Kendall's coefficient of concordance was 0.97. The correlation coefficient between the scales is 0.719. The mean Oral Health Assessment Tool for the Elderly score obtained by the participants was 5.4±4.32 (median 5, min-max: 0-17). The Turkish version of the tool is a valid and reliable tool to assess oral health in community-dwelling elderly individuals and those living in nursing homes.

Humans feel the need to reflect on their past decisions throughout their lives. Regret plays a significant role in this evaluation. Acknowledging regret is crucial, as it helps in rectifying undesirable past decisions and making healtier options in the future. Regret has cognitive and affective dimentions. Cognitive regret refers to reviewing past decisions, while affective regret belong to negative emotions. This study aims to adapt the regret elements scale (RES) in the Turkish adult population. The study involved 48 participants in the pilot application stage, 40 participants in the language validity stage, 599 participants in the confirmatory factor analysis stage, and 52 participants in the test-retest stage. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 60 years. The study examined the language validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion-related validity of the scale. Additionally, reliability measures such as Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient, Spearman-Brown split-half reliability, test-retest reliability coefficient, and differences between the 27% lower and upper groups were utilized. Mean explained variance (AVE) and combined reliability (CR) values were also calculated. The findings indicate that the language validity of the scale was high (.80). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 2-dimensional and 10-item scale had acceptable fit indices [x2 / df= 2.09, RMSEA= .043, SRMR= .07, NNFI /TLI = .91, CFI= .94, GFI= .92]. The scale and its sub-dimensions were negatively correlated with Satisfaction with Life. Reliability analyses found high Cronbach's Alpha reliability (.92), Spearman-Brown split-half reliability (.95), and test-retest reliability (.75) coefficients, as well as significant differences between the regret score averages of the lower and upper groups of 27%. The AVE and CR values of the scale were also high. The findings suggest that the 2-dimensional (affective regret and cognitive regret) and 10-item RES is a valid and reliable measuring tool for assessing regret in the field of mental health for adult individuals in Turkey. Overall, the RES can be considered a useful tool for measuring regret and its various dimensions. It is thought that the adaptation of the regret elements scale (RES), which includes these dimentions, will contribute to the literature.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the validity and relability of the Salutogenesis Health Indicator Scale in adolescents in Türkiye. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a methodological design. The sample included 705 students in grades 7, 8, and 9. The Adolescent Salutogenesis Health Indicator Scale was used in the study. Number, percentage, confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis, cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability coefficients were used to evaluate the data. Results: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.945. This value indicates that the sample size is sufficient for the analysis. Bartlett's test of sphericity value indicated that the data set was suitable for factor analysis (BS = 3351.25, p<0.001), the model shows an acceptable fit. A unidimensional model was obtained by factor analysis. Since the model fit indices χ2 /df <3, the model shows an acceptable fit. Cronbach's alpha value was 0. 90 and the test-retest coefficient was 0.98 (p<0.001). Conclusion: It has been determined that the Salutogenesis Health Indicator Scale in Adolescents is a valid and reliable measurement tool for the adolescents in Türkiye. The scale is short, understandable and easy to use.

Objective: Death anxiety is universal and influenced by many personal, cultural and linguistic features. The Multidimensional Orientation toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F) is a measure of ‘death anxiety’ and ‘death acceptance’. The aim of this study is to scale the validity and reliability study in Turkey. Methods: The study consisted of Turkey were created by selecting one of the seven regions. These include Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Samsun, Sanliurfa, and Erzurum. The sample number is 402 persons, 52% male and 48% female. Analysis of the data was done with SPSS 22 program and it was worked with 95% confidence level. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed with the AMOS 21.0 program to determine the validity of the scale. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were calculated to determine its reliability. Results: Multidimensional Assessment of Dying and Death Inventory was first translated into Turkish, then to German, and as a result, a single text was obtained with the language association. Scale There are two dimensions as the dimen-sion of fear and the dimension of acceptance. Fear scale total variance explanation rate is 43,44%; the reliability coefficient is 0.950. Explanation of the total variance of the acceptance scale is 50,21%; the reliability coefficient is 0,678. Discussion: Factor distribution of the subscales differs according to the original scale. The names of the subscales are adapted to Turkish culture. According to these results, MODDI-F Turkish form has been shown to be a valid scale for its validity and reliability.

This study aims at developing a valid and reliable scale to determine primary school students’ sense of school belonging. In this respect, the relevant literature on the concept of belonging was reviewed; interviews were conducted with field experts and primary school students to determine items to be included in the scale. An item pool was created based on the findings of these processes. Later, a pilot form was prepared by taking the opinions of 2 field and 2 measurement and evaluation experts to ensure that the scale items represent the structure measured. This form was administered to 254 primary school students studying in the 2018-2019 academic year, and the final scale was obtained as a result of exploratory factor analysis was applied to 287 primary school students in a different school. For validity evidence, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent and discriminant analysis and item analysis; for reliability, findings of Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability coefficients were used. According to the exploratory factor analysis, the scale consisted of 3 factors with 13 items, and the total variance explained was 52.57%. As a result of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the obtained structure, the fit indices of the model showed that it was verified. The internal consistency coefficient of the developed model was α = .92 and the composite reliability coefficient was .93. These findings showed that the scale had psychometric properties to be used in future research.

This study aimed at developing a valid and reliable scale to determine middle school students’ sense of school belonging. In this respect, the relevant literature on the concept of belonging was reviewed, interviews were conducted with field experts and middle school students to determine items to be included in the scale. An item pool was created based on the findings of these processes. Later, a pilot form was prepared by taking the opinions of 2 field and 2 measurement and evaluation experts so as to ensure that the scale items represent the structure measured. This form was administered to 287 middle school students studying in the 2018-2019 academic year, and the final scale obtained as a result of exploratory factor analysis was applied to 568 middle school students in a different school. For validity evidence, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and hypothesis test findings; for reliability, findings of Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability coefficients were used. According to the exploratory factor analysis, the scale consisted of 4 factors with 23 items, and the total variance explained was 63.88%. As a result of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the obtained structure, the fit indices of the unidimensional model showed that the model was verified. The internal consistency coefficient of the developed model was α = .92 and the composite reliability coefficient was .97. These findings showed that the scale had psychometric properties that could be used in future research.

With more than 90% penetration of personal digital devices, digital addiction in children has emerged as a significant concern in China. Environmental and socioeconomic stressors in China-a highly collectivist society-may contribute to a higher prevalence of digital addiction. However, there is a lack of culturally adapted tools to assess digital addiction among children in China. This study aimed to: (1) linguistically and culturally adapt the Digital Addiction Scale for Children (DASC) to the Chinese context; (2) examine its psychometric properties, including validity (i.e., construct and convergent validity) and reliability (i.e., internal consistency and test-retest reliability); and (3) establish a potential cut-off score for identifying children at risk of digital addiction. The DASC was translated into Chinese and adapted following forward translation, back translation, harmonization and pilot testing with 24 students in grades four to eight to ensure conceptual and semantic equivalence, clarity and cultural relevance. The final Chinese DASC consists of 24 items after excluding item 11. This study employed a cross-sectional design to validate the Chinese version of the DASC. Based on convenience sampling, Nanling County in Anhui Province, China was selected as the study site. Six schools were then chosen using a stratified randomised cluster sampling method, with three strata: urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. Given the feasibility of completing questionnaires independently, students in grades five to eight (aged 12-16 years old) from primary and secondary schools were invited. One class of students in each grade in each selected school was randomly invited to participate. To assess the psychometric properties of the DASC, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted using SPSS 30.0 and AMOS 28.0, respectively. Convergent validity was evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients between the DASC and Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability over a two-week interval. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine the optimal cut-off score, using the IAT as a reference criterion for identifying at-risk individuals. After forward translation, back translation, harmonization and pilot testing, the English version of the DASC was adapted into Chinese. In total, 592 students (age 12.8 ± 1.7 years; 285 girls and 307 boys) participated in the validation study. The 24-item Chinese version of DASC was validated, with item 11 excluded due to cross-loading. Two components (i.e., interpersonal and intrapersonal dimensions) were identified for the Chinese version of the DASC based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.94). The interpersonal dimension includes 19 items related to conflict, problems, displacement, deception, withdrawal and relapse. The intrapersonal dimension comprises 5 items related to mood modification and the perceived importance of digital devices. The DASC demonstrated acceptable convergent validity (r = 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80, 0.85], p < 0.001), internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.95; split-half reliability coefficient 0.885) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71 (0.67, 0.75), p < 0.001). Using the IAT as the criterion, the suggested cut-off score for the risk of digital addiction was 53, yielding a sensitivity of 85.9% and specificity of 92.3%. The linguistically and culturally adapted Chinese version of the DASC is a reliable and valid instrument, with an established cut-off score for identifying at-risk individuals. However, the results are limited by the use of a single-county sample, the exclusion of younger children (grade 4 and below) and those with cognitive or reading difficulties, and reliance on self-reported data. When appropriately generalized, the Chinese version of the DASC has potential applications in routine school mental health screening, paediatric check-ups to identify at-risk children and national health surveys. Tracking and understanding digital addiction using the DASC enables the development of evidence-based interventions and supports policy recommendations to address digital addiction.

The aim of this study was to develop a scale to measure the process of receiving and completing homework from the perspective of university students, and to conduct its validity and reliability analyses. Two different sample groups were formed in order to develop the Homework Process in Higher Education Scale (HPHES). Students studying in different faculties in four different universities in the 2019-2020 academic year were included in the sample. The sample consisted of 368 students for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 400 students for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In the EFA, it was determined that the scale had a five-factor structure with 28 items. This structure was evaluated using CFA. When the fit indices of the resulting model were examined, the following results were obtained: χ²/df = 2.36&amp;lt;4; CFI= 0.91; TL= 0.90; RMSEA= 0.05; SRMR = 0.05. The structure was confirmed using CFA. Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient results calculated for the scale were verified with composite reliability coefficients. The convergent validity was tested by calculating average variance extracted (AVE) of each factor. The results of validity and reliability study of the HPHES showed that it was a valid and reliable measurement tool with five factors and 28 items. The subject of homework in higher education can be examined in terms of different variables using the HPHES.

This study aims to conduct the validity and reliability analysis of the “Aggression Tendency Scale” developed by Cassidy et al. (1996), in children aged 60-72 months. The study group of the research consists of 221 children aged 60-72 months who attend pre-school educational institutions in Antalya's city center and have different sociodemographic characteristics. In the analysis of the data; exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, content validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) have been calculated. Opinions have been obtained from 12 experts to determine content validity. Based on expert opinions and suggestions, it has been decided to retain 6 items in the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis has been conducted with the data obtained from the applications performed with the scale that achieved content validity. As a result of the analyses performed, it has been determined that the 6-item structure of the scale generally complies with the collected data. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale has been found to be 0.772. Additionally, the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.782 as a result of the test-retest reliability analysis of the scale. These results have shown that the Aggression Tendency Scale is a valid and reliable tool in evaluating the aggression tendencies of children aged 60-72 months.

The present study aims to develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring students' mathematics achievement goal orientation. The participants were 356 high school students studying in Diyarbakir in 2013-2014 Education Year Spring Semester. Expert opinion was consulted with regard to the scale's content and face validity. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed in order to measure the scale's construct validity. As a result of EFA, a 25-item and a four-factor structure, which explains 51.15% of the total variance was obtained. The emerging factors were named learning approach, performance approach, learning avoidance and performance avoidance. The findings obtained CFA indicated that the 25 items and four-factor structure related to Mathematics Achievement Goal Orientation Scale (MAGOS) have satisfactory goodness of fit indices. As for the criterion related validity, the calculation of correlation between students' scores obtained from the MAGOS and mathematics achievement scores reported findings similar to the ones in the literature. The scale's reliability coefficients were calculated by means of Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability methods. The reliability analysis showed that the Cronbach Alpha coefficients were .85, .78, .71 and .67 for learning approach, performance approach, learning avoidance and performance avoidance subscales respectively. On the other hand, the composite reliability coefficients were .80, .66, .57 and .52 for learning approach, performance approach, learning avoidance and performance avoidance subscales respectively. In order to determine the discriminatory power of the MAGOS items corrected item total correlation was calculated. The findings of the item analyses showed that item total correlation range between .37 and .68 and all of the items in the scale were discriminatory. In light of these findings it could be argued that the scale is reliable and valid and can be used in order to test students' mathematics achievement goal orientation. © 2014 IOJES. All rights reserved

A scale development study for evaluating the dietary behaviors of patients with heart failure

Turkish validity and reliability study of the adolescent asthma self-efficacy questionnaire

The objective of this study is to develop a valid and reliable attitude scale having quality psychometric features that can measure secondary school students’ attitudes towards human rights. The study group of the research is comprised by 710 6th, 7th and 8th grade students who study at 4 secondary schools in the centre of Sivas. The study group was chosen from secondary school students through random cluster sampling. In line with the related literature, a trial item pool was formed and expert opinion was sought for by asking help from expert lecturers in the area. Following the pilot study, the draft scale was applied on the study group. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the factor construct and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to determine construct validity and other validity tests were conducted as well. The data of the study was analyzed through PASW 18.0 ve Lisrel 8.51 multi-task programs in a computer setting. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were made to determine the construct validity of the scale. The correlations of item-test scores and internal coherence coefficient Cronbach Alpha were calculated. T-test was resorted to to find out the distinguishing power of items. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the sub-items of the scale and the scale as a whole (0.821) and correlation coefficients among subtitles indicate that the scale is reliable.This four factor scale consisting of 21 items is a usable and reliable model because all conformity values are within the range of acceptable limits.

Developing an attitude scale for cursive handwriting: Validity and reliability study

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement instrument to determine the satisfaction rates of inpatients. Methods: This study was designed as a methodological research and the eight-step scale development principles developed by Devellis were followed. The sample size was calculated as 360, taking into account 10 times the number of items in the explanatory factor analysis. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to the scale and the reliability coefficients, Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability values, were calculated for the subdimensions obtained. Results: Since probability value was p&amp;lt;0.05 and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was determined as 0.939 for Bartlett's test, which was performed for factor analysis suitability of the results obtained from 36 items, the data set was found to be “perfectly” suitable for factor analysis. The scale was able to explain the concept of inpatient satisfaction to a large extent since the total variance explained was found to be 70.04% in factor analysis. In the confirmatory factor analysis of the scale which resulted in 32 items and five subdimensions, all of the covariance values drawn between the subdimensions were significant (p&amp;lt;0.05). Factor loadings of items were within the range of 0.62-0.95. Cronbach's Alpha reliability score of the Inpatient Satisfaction Questionnaire (ISQ) was found to be 0.911 for the whole scale. Conclusion: The questionnaire that was developed exhibited a high level of reliability and validity. We suggest that it is suitable for measuring the satisfaction of inpatients, and the data obtained will aid and guide in the improvement of healthcare facilities.