Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a simple, reliable voltammetric method and its validation for determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DFC).
 Methods: The proposed method was based on electro-oxidation of DFC at poly (erichrome black T) modified glassy carbon electrode (PEBT/GCE) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.0. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetric techniques were employed to study electro-oxidation behavior. Under the optimal conditions, variations of EBT concentration, effect of pH, scan rate on the oxidation of DFC was studied.
 Results: A well-defined oxidation peak at about +0.59 V vs. standard calomel electrode was observed for voltammetric detection of DFC. pH effect shows the participation of an equal number of protons and electrons in the mechanism. The relation between a logarithm of peak current with the logarithm of scan rate indicated adsorption controlled behavior of electrode process. Concentration variations show a good linear response in the range 0.05 µM to 40 µM with the detection limit of 5.25 × 10-8 M.
 Conclusion: The prepared sensor exhibited good selectivity, sensitivity, and stability for the detection of DFC in the pharmaceutical dosage form and real samples. The developed method could possibly be adopted for pharmacokinetic studies and also in clinical and quality control laboratories where time and economy were important.
Highlights
Diclofenac (2-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetic acid), as shown in is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Patients are frequently given special formulations of DFC or a co-treatment agent as a therapeutic strategy to attenuate the gastrointestinal tract complications that limit the use of DFC and other NSAIDs [5-7]
The reproducibility of the sensor was monitored by four parallel electrochemical measurements for 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1 DFC and the results showed that a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.2 % (n=4) was estimated, exhibiting a high reproducibility of the constructed sensor
Summary
Diclofenac (2-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetic acid), as shown in (fig. 1) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is widely used as an analgesic, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antithermal and for the treatment of arthritis and degenerative joint disease [1, 2]. These drugs are applied both for acute and long-term chronic cases [3]. The sodium salt of diclofenac is the most generally used painkiller [4]. Electro-analytical techniques have been used for the determination of a wide range of drug compounds. Numerous analytical methods have been reported for the determination of DFC [8-24]. Taking the above-mentioned lacune, electrochemical methods are characterized by portability, simplicity, minimal cost, and reasonably short analysis time
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