Development of a Parental Attachment Response Scale for Early Childhood: Based on Mentalization Theory

Attachment is a fundamental developmental domain in infancy and early childhood and no clinical assessment is complete without a comprehensive assessment of the young child’s key attachment relationships. This chapter uses the Circle of Security, a graphic representation of the hundreds of daily dyadic interactions that form the basis of attachment in early childhood, to help frame attachment theory. The importance of recognizing child and parent factors that might lead to disorganization of attachment in infancy and early childhood is emphasized and the history of research on forms of reactive attachment disorder is presented in the context of differential diagnosis. Key principles for attachment assessment are then reviewed and the tools that comprise comprehensive assessment of attachment in early childhood are presented, with an emphasis on tools used for assessment of parent–child interaction and those used to gather data on the parental state of mind regarding attachment. The chapter concludes with a case example that includes a discussion of treatment planning.

Everyday pains are experienced frequently by young children. Parent responses shape how young children learn about and experience pain. However, research on everyday pains in toddlers and preschoolers is scarce, and no self-report measures of parent responses to their child's pain exist for this age group. The objective of this study was to develop a preliminary self-report measure of parent behavioral responses to everyday pains in the toddler and preschool years (the PREP) and examine its relationship with child age, sex, and parent and child distress. Items for the PREP were based on a behavioural checklist used in a past observational study of caregiver responses to toddler's everyday pains. Parents (N = 290; 93% mothers) of healthy children (47.9% boys) between 18 and 60 months (Mage = 34.98 months, SD = 11.88 months) completed an online survey of 46 initial PREP items, demographic characteristics, and their child's typical distress following everyday pains. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the PREP items that describe observable actions parents may take in response to their young child's everyday pains. The final solution included 10 items across 3 factors: Distract, Physical Soothe, and Extra Attention and explained 60% of the model variance. All PREP subscales were related to child distress; only Physical Soothe and Extra Attention were related to parent distress. This study was a preliminary step in the development and testing of a new self-report measure of parental responses to everyday pains during early childhood.

Kazuko Behrens’ multifaceted description of amae represents an important contribution to our understanding of close relationships. In particular, we applaud her adoption of a contextualized, lifespan perspective. Focusing on adulthood is especially helpful in directing attention to larger social, economic, political, and philosophical realities in which close relationships are embedded. At the heart of Behrens’ article is her comparison of amae and attachment. Here we attempt to build on Behrens’ comparison, by focusing on similarities and differences between amae and attachment in both early childhood and adulthood. Like Behrens we provide a multifaceted comparison of the two constructs, but in addition, we seek to identify larger themes that unite and differentiate them. The larger themes are that both amae and attachment are rooted in needs for closeness and security and that in different cultures these needs are linked to different values that underlie and give form to the institutions and societal realities in those cultures. We claim that the dominant values in Japan (and amae) center on harmony and that the dominant values in the US and Western Europe (and attachment) center on autonomy [Mizuta, Zahn-Waxler, Cole, & Hiruma, 1996; Rothbaum, Pott, Azuma, Miyake, & Weisz, 2000]. In the first and second sections we compare amae and attachment in early childhood and adulthood, respectively. In the final section we elaborate on and consider implications of our ideas for Behrens’ formulation.

Objective: To construct an instrument and establish psychometric properties to measure parental attachment styles for adolescents in Urdu language Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out in the Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan,. 20. 20. 20. 202019 to Jan. 5 Jan. Jan. 5 52021. Material and Methods: Initial item pool (150 items), based on Ainsworth et al. (1985) attachment styles theory, intensive review of the literature, and focus group interviews (Girls=30, Boys=30. Among the 141 items, shortened by an expert panel, the pilot study retained 137 reliable items for final administration. Furthermore, 1200 adolescents (12-19 years) from the community and educational institutions were approached to gather information in district Gujrat ereh here data was analyzed with the help of exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis on SPSS-22 and Amos-22.FResults: Exploratory factor analysis on SPSS-22 explored 38 reliable items for the Parental Attachment Styles scale under three -sub-factors; Secure Attachment, Anxious-Resistance Attachment, and Anxious-Avoidant Attachment, whereas 15 items were confirmed for the final instrument through model fit (P-value=.000, CFI=.947, GFI=.947, AGFI= .927, RMSEA=.064) of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Conclusion: An assessment tool in the Urdu language to estimate Parental Attachment Styles for adolescents is competently developed and validated with 15 items and three sub-scales.

BackgroundEarly identification of physical activity (PA) opportunities in the home and neighborhood environment may help obesity prevention efforts in households with young children. This cross-sectional study’s purpose was to develop a brief, easy-to-use, self-report inventory called Home Opportunities for Physical activity check-Up (HOP-Up), to evaluate the availability and accessibility of PA space and equipment in and near homes with preschool children, and establish its validity and reliability.MethodsThe HOP-Up was field tested by two trained researchers and parents of preschool-aged children (n = 50; 71 % white). To establish criterion validity, researchers were the ‘gold standard’ and visited participants’ homes to assess their PA environments using the HOP-Up, while participants separately completed their HOP-Up. Two weeks later, parents completed the HOP-Up online for test-retest reliability. After minor survey refinements, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using a split-half cross validation procedure was conducted in a larger sample of participants (n = 655, 60 % white) who completed the HOP-Up online to examine its factor structure. To establish convergent validity, correlations were conducted to compare HOP-Up scales from the factor solution generated with PA behavior and cognitions, and reported screen time.ResultsIntra-class correlations (ICCs) examining HOP-Up item agreement between researcher and parents revealed slight to substantial agreement (range 0.22 to 0.81) for all items. ICCs for all HOP-Up items ranged from fair to substantial agreement between parent responses at both time points (range 0.42 to 0.95). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a five factor solution (18 items), supported eigen values, scree plots, review for contextual sense, and confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, there were significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations among nearly all five HOP-Up scales with parent and child physical activity levels (range 0.08 to 0.35), and values parents placed on PA for self and child (range 0.16 to 0.35), and negative correlations of Neighborhood Space & Supports for PA scale with parent and child reported screen time (r = −0.11, r = −0.13, respectively).ConclusionsFindings support the psychometric properties of this brief, easy-to-use, HOP-Up questionnaire, which may help parents, prevention researchers, residential planners, and practitioners increase their understanding of how the home environment—inside, outside, and the neighborhood— impacts preschool children’s physical activity levels.

The development of The Epileptic Seizure Parental Burden Scale: A validity and reliability study

Core Competence in Fundamental Nursing Practicum Scale: A validity and reliability analysis

A strong sense of belonging has been shown to play a critical role in students' academic success and mental well-being. Developing tools to assess belongingness among student physical therapists may help to identify those who are at risk for academic struggles and mental health challenges, as well as to evaluate the impact of interventions designed to foster belongingness. The Program Sense of Belonging (ProSB) questionnaire was developed to assess student physical therapists' sense of belonging within their educational program. A preliminary analysis of the ProSB questionnaire identified a two-factor structure, with dimensions of "social acceptance" and "valued competence." The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the factor structure and construct validity of the ProSB questionnaire using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis. A total of 634 student physical therapists completed the ProSB questionnaire as part of an anonymous online survey. Half of the responses were used for EFA (n = 317) and the other half for CFA (n = 317). Exploratory factor analysis was first conducted to evaluate the factor structure of the ProSB questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was then performed to determine whether the factor structure identified through EFA was supported in an independent subsample of students. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a 2-factor structure, with dimensions of social acceptance and valued competence. Confirmatory factor analysis model fit indices suggested acceptable model fit (comparative fit index = 0.96 and standardized root mean square residual = 0.04), with all items loading significantly (P < .001) on their respective factors. Our findings support the construct validity of the ProSB questionnaire as a multidimensional measure of program-level belongingness among student physical therapists. The ProSB questionnaire appears to be a psychometrically sound tool for assessing program-level sense of belonging among student physical therapists, with potential applications in research, program evaluation, and student support initiatives.

BackgroundDisordered thinking is a condition that can manifest in not only clinical cases (e.g., psychotic disorders), but also the wider general population. However, there is no current method to measure the specific cognitive processes experienced during such a condition. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new self-report measure, the Disorganised Thoughts Scale (DTS), that can assess disorganised thinking in the general population.MethodsTo achieve this aim, a survey was developed and shared online with four independent samples, including a sample of Australians in the general population (N = 321) and three samples (N = 200 each) that were controlled for their substance use (i.e., frequent alcohol and cannabis use; non-frequent substance use). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and reliability analyses, were used to test the internal validity, whilst correlational analyses were implemented to examine the external validity.ResultsThe exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure (10 items each) measuring Positive thought disorder (i.e., accelerated, uncontrollable, and incongruent thinking) and Negative thought disorder (i.e., inhibited, disjointed, and disorientated thinking). This internal structure was confirmed with subsequent confirmatory factor and reliability analyses (α = 0.90 to 0.97) in the three substance-controlled groups. Concurrent validity was also supported, as the DTS exhibited strong correlations with established measures of general cognitive difficulties, specific self-regulatory dysfunctions, and psychopathological symptomology. Finally, the measure was also shown to be significantly higher in cohorts who exhibited a higher degree of psychological distress and who frequently used substances (i.e., alcohol and cannabis).ConclusionsOverall, this study provided preliminary evidence to suggest that the DTS is a sound measure of disorganised thought that is linked to psychopathology and substance use in non-clinical populations. The measure could be used in future research which seeks to better understand how thinking effects, and is affected by, various psychological conditions.

PurposeThe quantitative assessment of mindful eating has been challenging, even with the latest additions to the field of multifactorial mindful eating psychometric tools. This manuscript presents the development, validity and reliability assessment of a trait and state Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale across four studies driven by recent theory (Mantzios in Nutr Health 27: 1–5, 2021).MethodsStudy 1 assessed the content validity of the scale through ratings of clinical and research experts in the field. Study 2 inspected the scale through exploratory and confirmatory factor, parallel, correlation, and reliability analyses. Study 3 assessed the temporal stability through a test–retest in a 2-week interval. Study 4 assessed the scale in a randomized control experimental design, where a mindful eating (vs. control group) received the trait scale before consuming chocolate, and an equivalent state scale was modified to assess state changes during the 10-min eating session.ResultsStudy 1 yielded items to be reflective and concise of the definition of mindful eating behaviour. Study 2 indicated 2 potential factors through exploratory factor analyses, which were further verified through a parallel analysis, while subscales correlation indicated one-dimensionality, which was further verified through confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the internal consistency of the scale and subscales was good. Study 3 certified the reliability of the scale over time, while Study 4 indicated that both the trait and state scales were significant indicators of eating mindfully.ConclusionsTogether, all studies signal the utility of theoretically sound and empirically validated measurements for the replicable assessment of mindful eating behaviour.Level of evidence: No level of evidence: basic science.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex and chronic disease with multiple complications leading to increased mortality and poor quality of life. Current studies have shown that lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) confers protection against microvascular complications. However, evidence showed that with more intensive glucose control to achieve HbA1c of less than 6.5%, there is a significant increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular events. The current recommendation worldwide is for “tailoring” of DM management to risk and also quality of Life (QOL) which is a crucial component in determining the success or failure of DM management. In Asia, DM has become a health crisis but there is a lack of QOL assessment tool that is specific for Asians with wide spectrum of ethnicity, languages, religions and socio-economic differences. The primary aim of this study is to construct a type-2 diabetes mellitus specific quality of life (QOL) tool for Asian populations that is valid and reliable across different ethnicities, languages, and socio-economic backgrounds. The secondary aim is to study the perception of diabetes quality of life in a multi-ethnic Malaysian population with type- 2 diabetes and to determine the factors contributing to QOL in our study population. The tertiary aim is to determine whether cardiac disease will worsen sexual dysfunction (SD) in diabetes, and determine the factors causing SD in a multi-ethnic population. Methods: A focus group determined the domains affecting QOL in consultation with an expert group. A pilot study was conducted to validate the Asian Diabetes QOL (AsianDQOL) in English, Malay/Indonesian and Chinese- Mandarin. The World Health Organization Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was used for comparison. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability analysis (RA) using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using structural equation modelling (SEM) was undertaken using the statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. In order to study the impact of westernization on the perception of QOL, a population based cross-sectional and longitudinal study were carried out in 3 different states in Malaysia. The Asian Diabetes Quality of Life (AsianDQOL) tool specific for Type 2 diabetes is the primary outcome tool for data gathering at 2 points of time. The subjects were tested 3 months apart. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used for analysis. The Sexual Function Assessment in Diabetic Men (SAD-Men) tool specific for sexual dysfunction in men with diabetes is the primary outcome tool for data gathering. Chi-Squared test for independence was applied to evaluate for any significant differences in the three groups of participants. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used for analysis. Results EFA with eigen values (&gt;1) and factor loadings ≥ 0.3 for English and Malay language demonstrated 21 items and 5 components. CFA (English version) confirmed the model fit (CMIN 201.08, p-value 0.071, GFI 0.88, RMSEA 0.036, CFI 0.978). CFA (Malay version) confirmed the 5-factor model (CMIN 189.39, p-value 0.085, GFI 0.937, RMSEA 0.025, CFI 0.987). The corresponding Cronbach’s alpha scores (English version) were 0.917, 0.818, 0.816, 0.749 and 0.719, respectively. The Malay/Indonesian version scored 0.833, 0.819, 0.816, 0.775, 0.673, respectively whilst the Chinese/Mandarin version scored 0.890, 0.719, 0.826, 0.862 and 0.759, respectively. Test-retest reliability showed Spearman’s correlation of 0.664 (English version), 0.736 (Malay/Indonesian version) and 0.553(Chinese- Mandarin version). A scoring system was generated based on the 25th, 50th and 75th centiles for all the three languages. A total of 664 subjects of different ethnicity were recruited. Analysis shown the main contributors of QOL for English language group of different ethnicities were sexual dysfunction(-4.5), having visual problems (-3.7), female (-2.8) glycaemic control (-1.6). Sexual dysfunction was negatively correlated with QOL in Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups. The predictors of QOL were different in the westernized group compared to the traditional group. As for the study of sexual dysfunction among men with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, a total of 424 subjects of different ethnicity were recruited. A total of 221 have diabetes only, 98 with cardiovascular disease without diabetes and 105 with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of SD in all subjects assessed using the SADMEN tool was 82%. The prevalence of SD in DM only group, CVD only group and DM plus CVD group was 80%, 78% and 91%, respectively. Those with DM and CVD experienced more severe SD compared to the other two groups. Regression model generated for SD score shows negative correlation of age (-0.4), duration of DM (-2.5), neuropathy (-3.5), retinopathy (-4.1), ischemic heart disease (-5.1) and depression symptoms (-6.3). Conclusion The AsianDQOL is a valid, reliable and stable tool for assessing QOL in multiethnic and multi-lingual T2DM Asian populations. The perception of QOL is different across the ethnic groups and language. Significant differences in the English-speaking group and the traditional Non-English speaking group were detected within the same ethnicity. Sexual dysfunction severely impact QOL in a multi-ethnic Asian population and remained an important determinant regardless of ethnicity and language. The predictors of sexual dysfunction and its components were different. There is a high prevalence of SD among men with diabetes in a multi-ethnic Malaysian population. Men with diabetes and CVD are at higher risk of developing moderate to severe sexual dysfunction compared to men with diabetes alone.

Professional driver education and training has traditionally been used to improve the driving skills of young people with the expectation that they will drive more safely and therefore be less likely to crash. Despite this, much research has failed to find such an effect. The Goals for Driver Education (GDE) is a theoretical framework developed to improve the effectiveness of driver education. The GDE seeks to draw attention to a broader array of factors that may influence the driving of young people and hence increase the scope of what is included in driver education and training. Within the GDE, factors affecting driving and driver education are grouped into combinations of four hierarchical levels that represent influences on driving at increasing levels of abstraction (GDE level 1: Vehicle manoeuvring; GDE level 2: Mastery of traffic situations; GDE level 3: Goals and contexts of driving; GDE level 4: Goals for life and skills for living) and three types of individual competencies (Knowledge and skills; Risk-increasing factors; Self-evaluation skills). However, to date there have been few, if any, attempts to operationalise the GDE in a quantitative way. In response, the Perceptions of Driver Education Scale (PDES) was developed to gain an understanding of what two important stakeholder groups in the driver education and training ecosystem perceived to be important to be taught to novice drivers. Understanding these perceptions may lead to greater acceptance of the driver education and training that is designed and make it more effective. Following rigorous scale development procedures, thirty-five items were developed a priori using expert opinion and deployed, via an online survey, to a sample of parents of novice drivers (N = 518) and a separate sample of novice drivers (N = 247), both from Queensland, Australia. Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed on the parent responses and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed using the novice driver responses. A 29-item 9 factor solution was judged to be the best fit with the overall scale and each of the factors displaying strong levels of internal consistency. The 9 factors cover most hierarchical level and competency combinations, although removal of items meant that there is no representation concerning perceptions of Self-evaluation skills related to Level 3: Goals and contexts of driving within the PDES. Overall, the PDES is a valid and reliable instrument for investigating the aspects of driver education and training that are perceived as important by novice drivers and parents. The scale may also be applicable for use with other stakeholder groups and could also be used to evaluate pre-existing driver education and training programs.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, depreme yönelik geliştirilen komplo teorileri ile ilgili toplumun tutumunu değerlendiren bir psikometrik ölçüm aracı geliştirmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 06.02.2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremlerden, dolaylı veya doğrudan etkilenen 369 kişi çalışma kapsamına dâhil edilmiştir. Katılımcılardan toplam 20 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek ve demografik bilgilere yönelik anketi içeren bir veri toplama aracı yoluyla veriler toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar demografik veriler açısından ele alındığında 369 katılımcının 245’inin kadın (%66.4), 124’ünün erkek (33.6) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaş açısından en çok katılımcının 18-22 yaş (n:181, %49.1) aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcılar eğitim seviyesi açısından incelendiğinde ise en çok katılımcının Yüksekokul ve altındaki (n:170, %46,1) bir eğitim seviyesine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Veriler toplandıktan sonra açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizine tabii tutulmuştur. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi IBM SPSS, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ise IBM AMOS paket programıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 20 ifadeyi içeren 2 faktör bulunmuştur. Faktörlere altında toplanan ifadeleri en iyi açıklayacak şekilde “yapay yöntem” ve “uluslararası güçler” isimleri verilmiştir. Yapay yöntem faktörü 5, uluslararası güçler faktörü ise 15 ifadeden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen ölçeğin açıklanan varyans oranı 70.736 (%70.736)’dır. Ayrıca Bartlett testinin sonucu p

Although numerous individual studies have attempted to link child-parent attachment and prosociality, a systematic picture of that relationship requires a meta-analytic approach that considers different dimensions of prosociality and potential moderators. The current meta-analysis examined 41 studies drawn primarily from North America and Europe and published between 1978 to 2020. Child age ranged from 12 to 53 months at the assessment of child-parent attachment and 12 to 108 months at the assessment of prosociality. Across 35 studies (100 effect sizes, N = 4,611), child-mother attachment security and child prosociality were significantly associated (r = .19, 95% CI [.14, .23]). No moderators were identified. Exploratory estimates were also derived for subtypes of child-mother attachment insecurity. Across six studies (eight effect sizes, N = 402), child-father attachment security was significantly associated with prosociality (r = .11, 95% CI [.02, .23]). The magnitude of effect sizes did not differ based on parent gender. The discussion considers areas of growth for attachment and prosociality research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Background and ObjectivesThe quality of intergenerational relationships is crucial for maintaining the well-being of parents and adult children. This study developed and validated an Intergenerational Relationship Quality Scale for Aging Chinese Parents (IRQS-AP) based on the solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence models.Research Design and MethodsThe data were derived from a cross-sectional study in Hong Kong which included a random sample of 1,001 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥50 years. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the factor structure of the scale. The internal consistency reliability and convergent validity of the scale were also assessed.ResultsEFA resulted in a 13-item four-factor (i.e., consensual–normative solidarity, structural–associational solidarity, affectual closeness, and intergenerational conflict) model, which was supported by the CFA and explained 70.7% of the total variance. The reliability of the scale measured using Cronbach’s alpha was .776. The convergent validity of the IRQS-AP was established by its significant correlation with depressive symptoms (r = −.385), sense of loneliness (r = −.449), and self-image (r = .384).Discussion and ImplicationsThe IRQS-AP as a reliable and valid scale can enable researchers and service practitioners to measure the relationship quality between older people and their adult children accurately, inform the development of interventions to strengthen intergenerational relationships in target domains, and evaluate the effectiveness of related services.