Abstract
This work describes an electrochemical sensor for the selective recognition and quantification of amoxicillin and a β-lactam antibiotic in real samples. This sensor consists of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with mag-MIP (magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer), which was prepared by precipitation method via free radical using acrylamide (AAm) as functional monomer, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as a crosslinker, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator, to functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic non-imprinted polymers (mag-NIP) were prepared using the same experimental procedure without analyte and used for the preparation of a CPE for comparative studies. The morphological, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the nanostructured material were evaluated using Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and voltammetric technique. Electrochemical experiments performed by square wave voltammetry show that the mag-MIP/CPE sensor had a better signal response compared to the non-imprinted polymer-modified electrode (mag-NIP/CPE). The sensor showed a linear range from 2.5 to 57 μmol L−1 of amoxicillin (r2 = 0.9964), with a limit of detection and a limit of quantification of 0.75 and 2.48 μmol L−1, respectively. No significant interference in the electrochemical signal of amoxicillin was observed during the testing experiments in real samples (skimmed milk and river water). The proposed mag-MIP/CPE sensor could be used as a good alternative method to confront other techniques to determine amoxicillin in different samples.
Highlights
Pharmaceuticals are used domestically in veterinary medicine and hospitals, and could be analgesics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, antidepressants, hormones, statins, beta-blockers, and products of contrasts, among others (Miège et al, 2009)
Amoxicillin is used for the treatment and prevention of disease and to promote the growth of domestic and food animals (Elizalde-Velázquez et al, 2016). The time it takes for the concentration of the amoxicillin in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced by 50% is 1– 1.5 h, the excretion is renal and almost 80% of the unmetabolized amoxicillin is mainly excreted in the urine but is secreted in milk
The results showed no interference in the electrochemical signal of amoxicillin for triplicate experiments since in the presence of interfering compounds obtained error values lower than 5% to the sensor signal
Summary
Pharmaceuticals are used domestically in veterinary medicine and hospitals, and could be analgesics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, antidepressants, hormones, statins, beta-blockers, and products of contrasts, among others (Miège et al, 2009). Amoxicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic semi-synthetic widely used in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of infections since it has a wide spectrum of action in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria For this reason, amoxicillin is used as the first-line antibiotic in different countries around the world, including Italy, the UK, Australia, Brazil, and Korea, which have the highest sales (World Health Organization, 2019). Amoxicillin is used for the treatment and prevention of disease and to promote the growth of domestic (dogs, cats) and food animals (livestock, horses, pigs, goats, sheep, etc.) (Elizalde-Velázquez et al, 2016) The time it takes for the concentration of the amoxicillin in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced by 50% is 1– 1.5 h (terminal half-life of elimination), the excretion is renal and almost 80% of the unmetabolized amoxicillin is mainly excreted in the urine but is secreted in milk. The material has advantages such as a good sensibility, a high surface area, durability, and reusability as well as high selectivity toward amoxicillin
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