Development of a Combustible Material Pyrolysis Model for Ultra-Fast Analysis: A Study on the Behavior of Ultra-Fast Fire in Industrial Complexes

On revealing the effect of alkaline lignin and ammonium polyphosphate additives on fire retardant properties of sustainable zein-based composites

Hermetic pressurized buildings have been developed to reduce the effects of high altitude. The behavior and effect of fire in this new type of building have not been studied before. Unlike common buildings, the inside pressure in this new type of building is maintained at around standard atmospheric pressure, which is significantly higher than the outside environment pressure in high altitude regions. In addition, at the early stage of a fire, the oxygen required to maintain combustion in the sealed building is supplied by mechanical vents (if in operation) instead of opening windows or doors as in common buildings. This paper presents a case study on the behavior of fire in a sealed pressurized hotel building located in Tibet. Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) is used to study fire behavior under different design fire scenarios. Available evacuation time under different fire scenarios are obtained by analyzing oxygen concentration, gas content, temperature, visibility and other indicators. Based on this, a fire protection design scheme is suggested.

Problems related to waste disposal, such as a shortage of landfill facilities and a surge in illegal waste, are becoming a major social issue. The quantity of wastes generated is continuously increasing, and the rate of wastes from facilities, which accounts for a high percentage of the quantity generated, is gradually increasing. In order to establish an appropriate capacity landfill facility installation plan when planning to develop of industrial complex that discharges large quantity of industrial wastes, the appropriateness of the current industrial complex waste treatment facility installation standards was reviewed, and institutional improvement measures were derived. The research results are as follows. First, industrial complexes showed a large difference in the distribution of the total site area and the industrial area by type, and the quantity of wastes generated in industrial complexes had a higher correlation coefficient with the industrial area than the total site area. Second, it was proposed to change from the total site area to the industrial area as an improvement plan for the area standard among the current standards for installation of industrial complex waste treatment facility. Third, the average value of the generated unit without considering the size of industry is applied to the generated unit, and there is a limitation in that there is a difference in actual quantity due to the application of the subjective generated unit due to the absence of guidelines for calculating the quantity of wastes generated and the application of the generated unit in the middle classification stage. Fourth, as an improvement measure to the calculation of the quantity of wastes generated in industrial complexes, it was proposed to be specified Industrial Complex Code of the Industrial Land Information System and Korea Standard Industry Code in waste discharge report form to improve utilization and subdivide the industrial waste classification unit. Fifth, considering the limitations of the current industrial complex waste treatment facility installation standards, regional concentration of landfill facilities, and lack of remaining capacity, a total amount management plan was proposed that comprehensively considers the overall status of landfill capacity. Sixth, a plan was proposed to introduce a performance guarantee system, enforcement fine imposition, and deposit system to introduce sanctions on non-fulfillment of the obligation to install waste treatment facilities in industrial complexes.

For every fire prevention design, ensuring safe evacuation and preventing the fire from spreading are primary considerations. However, actual fire scenarios inevitably involve many uncertainties, such as the fire source location, the heat release rate, the fire growth coefficient and so on, which make it difficult for the traditional fire prevention system to achieve these primary considerations. In this paper, an optimum and intelligent system design was developed using the feedback of real-time fire characteristics based on precise control logic using computational fluid dynamics. The new system can make an intelligent adjustment to adapt the real-time fire and to obtain the best smoke exhaust condition by coupling the smoke control system and a physical boundary. The fire uncertainties were used to validate the system design, based on a conventional composite building containing room, corridor and atrium. The results show that the intelligent system is capable of providing different and reasonable reactions for various fire scenarios and of ensuring the safe evacuation of the building. Some limitations of the system have been improved by incorporating a constraint factor into activation procedures for solving extra-large and ultra-fast fires. In general, this intelligent design proved useful as a smoke control system which could be implemented in many similar buildings.

Modeling study of pyrolysis of charring composite materials in the fire scenario-A short literature review

Many circumstances can lead to an electrical fire. It is then helpful to reproduce those circumstances in laboratory conditions to duplicate fire scenarios in order to increase knowledge and to develop safer and flame-retarded materials and electrical systems. Our approach was to develop specific bench scale tests. The mass loss cone calorimeter coupled with Fourier transform infrared was used to mimic a fire scenario on simulated low voltage cable (flame-retarded polymer molded around copper wire) and to characterize the gas phase. The electric current creates an additional heating condition (Joule effect) which can modify the decomposition of the flammable material (e.g. the cable jacket made in thermoplastic), and so its fire behavior in case of fire. It is the reason why we performed the experiments mimicking different fire scenarios with and without electric current. Specific test was also developed to investigate the flame spread and the delamination of the polymer around the wire. The bench scale tests presented in this article were applied on intumescent polymers (ethylene-vinyl acetate containing commercial intumescent additive). The results were discussed with a special emphasis on the influence of electric current on the fire behavior.

The detail and representation of a spatial layout varies with scale. This affects an individual’s learning effectiveness and understanding, in turn directly influencing their behavior in a fire evacuation. However, the impact of layout learning methods with different spatial scales on fire evacuation behavior, and the relationship between spatial cognition and evacuation effects, remains unclear. We conducted spatial layout learning across three scales with 81 participants and simulated a fire evacuation scenario in a mobile virtual reality for groups. We collected evacuation decision-making and user experience questionnaires as supplementary data. The results demonstrate that small-scale learning objects are the easiest for participants to understand in terms of spatial layout and relationships, but their performance in fire evacuation is poor. Large-scale learning objects significantly improve participants’ evacuation efficiency. Spatial layout learning plays a crucial role in fire evacuation outcomes, but traditional spatial knowledge acquisition measurement methods cannot predict fire evacuation performance. This study sheds light on how spatial cognition influences fire evacuation behavior and provides a more reliable fire evacuation simulation method based on mobile virtual reality (MVR).

Until recently, industry was one of the main city-forming factors. During the period from the industrial revolution to the post-industrial society, industrial facilities have undergone an evolutionary path from individual production buildings, production complexes to innovation and production technology parks. Along with this, there were urban planning processes - changing the types of urban planning schemes, the functional zoning, the formation of transport routes and transport network. Initially, the industry gravitated to the location or production (cultivation) of raw materials, then to water resources and transport arteries, and later - free territories. Globalization and general economic changes have led to the crisis and decline of many former industrial complexes, which under conditions of active urbanization were in the structure of cities. Industrial buildings and complexes often have architectural and historical value. The architectural value of such objects lies in the use of new types of structures, engineering systems and architectural styles. Historical value is formed by the connection of these objects with outstanding historical events, scientists, engineers and architects.

Development of a pyrolysis model for an intumescent flame retardant system: Poly(lactic acid) blended with melamine and ammonium polyphosphate

This study establishes a standardized framework for thermal propagation test in nickel-7 lithium-ion battery systems through a high-frequency electromagnetic induction heating method. The non-intrusive triggering mechanism enables precise thermal runaway initiation within two seconds through localized eddy current heating (>1200 °C), validated through cell-level tests with 100% success rate across diverse trigger positions. System-level thermal propagation tests were conducted on two identical battery boxes. The parallel experiments revealed distinct propagation patterns influenced by system sealing quality. In the inadequately sealed system (Box 01), flame formation led to accelerated thermal propagation through enhanced convective and radiative heat transfer. In contrast, the well-sealed system (Box 02) maintained an oxygen-deficient environment, resulting in a controlled sequential propagation pattern. The testing methodology incorporating dummy modules proved efficient for validating thermal protection strategies while optimizing costs. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of thermal runaway propagation mechanisms and the development of standardized testing protocols for large-format battery systems.

정부는 국가산업단지의 경쟁력 확보를 위한 구조고도화 사업을 추진하고 있다. 노후 산업 단지의 경우 기반시설의 약화와 생산기능 중심의 취약한 산업환경으로 인해 산업입지 경쟁력 및 생산 의욕의 저하는 물론 문화 및 생활편의시설이 부족하고, 근로자의 정주여건도 악화되고 있다. 그러나 기존 산업단지의 지원시설용지는 생산성 제고를 위한 기업지원시설 위주로 개발되어 산업단지내 종사자의 근로환경 개선을 위한 다양한 지원시설 확충이 시급한 상황이다. 본 연구의 목적은 산업단지의 경영자와 근로자 집단의 정책지원시설에 대한 선호도의 확인과 정책수요의 차이발생 원인을 규명하는 것이다. 연구의 방법은 이론적 고찰을 통한 내용분석을 수행하였으며, 정책수요자의 요구를 확인하기 위하여 설문조사를 통한 실증분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경영자는 기업경쟁력 확보를 위한 생산지원기능과 교육연구기능에 대한 지원 선호도가 높다. 반면 근로자는 체육, 휴양, 문화, 복지 시설에 대한 지원 요구가 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 지방의 도시복합형 산업단지는 주거와 상업용도의 토지이용에 대한 요구는 약하게 나타났다. 셋째, 산업단지의 지원시설 확충방안은 입지 특성에 따라서 지원목표와 집행정책이 다르게 설정되어야 한다. 따라서 사례지역과 같은 도시복합형 산업단지는 도시지역의 주 용도인 주거 상업시설 보다는 종사자를 위한 다양한 어메니티 시설을 확충하되, 기존 정주주택에 대한 주거비 보조 등을 통하여 지원하는 것이 바람직하다.The government is promoting a structural upgrade project to secure the competitiveness of the national Industrial complex. In the case of old Industrial complexes, due to the weakening of infrastructure and the weak industrial environment centered on production functions, the competitiveness of industrial location and production motivation are deteriorated, as well as the lack of cultural and living convenience facilities, and the conditions for settlement of Workers are deteriorating. However, Support facilities for existing Industrial complexes were developed mainly for corporate Support facilities to increase productivity, and it is urgent to expand various Support facilities to improve the working environment of Workers in Industrial complexes. The purpose of this study is to identify the preferences of industrial and industrial groups for policy Support facilities and identify the causes of differences in policy demand. As a method of study, content analysis was conducted through theoretical considerations, and empirical analysis was conducted through a questionnaire survey to confirm the needs of policy consumers. The analysis results are as follows. First, Managers have a high preference for supporting production and educational research functions to secure corporate competitiveness. On the other hand, Workers showed high demand for support for physical education, recreation, cultural and welfare facilities. Second, the demand for land use for residential and commercial roads was weak in local urban complex Industrial complexes. Third, the support target and enforcement policy should be set differently according to the location characteristics of the Industrial complex expansion plan. Therefore, it is desirable to expand amenity facilities for Workers rather than residential commercial facilities, which are general uses of urban areas, but to support them through subsidizing housing costs for existing residential housing.

Composite slim floor stainless steel beam construction exposed to different fires

Nowadays the construction industry is characterised by high multifunctional and complex buildings with innovative facade systems. Unlike a simple prescriptive approach according to standards and codes, a performance-based design allows to define safety levels and goals, to evaluate heat transfer to the structure and the structure response based on fire behaviour, to model different fire scenarios by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software and to personalize the design according to a specific project in order to reach the required level of safety. Through a significant case study, the paper describes the performance-based design approach in the Fire Safety Engineering field (FSE). The analysis demonstrates consistent results between the CFD fire modelling output and the laboratory test results on a real scale facade mock-up. Moreover, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) performed on a section of the facade mullion allows to identify and to highlight the facade system critical issues in different fire scenarios.

A successional process model has been adapted for use with species from ponderosa pine/Douglas—fir (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa)/(Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) forests of the inland Northwest. Its design allows modification for application to other forest types. This model, FIRSUM, simulates tree establishment, growth, and mortality, along with live and dead fuel accumulation, fire behavior, and fuel reduction on a 400—m2 plot. The modeling contains algorithms for influences on tree establishment and growth including temperature, water stress, light tolerance, and site quality. The model was used to predict 200 yr of forest succession for five different disturbance regimes. This allowed comparison of patterns of basal area by species, of duff and fuel accumulation, and on fire intensities among the following scenarios: (1) no fires (fire suppression), (2) consistent fire intervals of 10, 20, and 50 yr, and (3) a natural fire regime of variable intervals reconstructed from fire scarred trees. Frequent fires (10— and 20—yr intervals) were simulated to be of low intensity, resulting in scorch heights of 0.5—3.0 m. These fires prevented Douglas—fir saplings from surviving and becoming part of the overstory. Simulation results for the 10— and 20—yr fire intervals were similar to those for the natural fire regime, based on fire occurrence between AD 1600 and 1900. However, the occasional long fire intervals within the natural fire regime allowed greater regeneration success for ponderosa pine. Fires at regular intervals of 50 yr were more severe and resulted in a decrease of western larch (Larix occidentalis) after 150 yr, with a corresponding increase in ponderosa pine. Douglas—fir slowly increased in basal area and became established in the overstory after 200simulations years. The no—fire scenario allowed Douglas—fir to achieve dominance in the understory, and eventually in the overstory, thereby limiting survival of ponderosa pine and western larch regeneration. A test of the model showed predictions to be within 19% of field observations, and a sensitive analysis of FIRESUM showed parameters associated with the growth algorithm to be most critical for predicting successional trends.

The flexural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams exposed to fire is investigated in this paper. A macroscopic finite element model, capable of tracing the behaviour of RC beams from pre-fire stage to collapse in fire is used in the analysis. The model includes the three stages associated with fire resistance analysis, namely establishing the fire temperature–time development, calculating the heat transfer through the structure from fire and the structural analysis. The model is applied to investigate the effect of six parameters, namely the fire scenario, load level, concrete cover thickness, aggregate type, failures criteria and span length on the fire response of RC beams. Through the results of the parametric study, it is shown that the type of failure criterion, load level, fire scenario, concrete cover thickness and aggregate type have significant influence on fire resistance of RC beams. It is also shown that, while the span length has significant influence on the overall fire behaviour, it h...