Development Models of Resource-dependent Cities’ Transformations and Its Experience and Lessons-Take Baishan City's Development of Transformations as an Example

Transformation effect of resource-based cities based on PSM-DID model: An empirical analysis from China

The paper presents a dynamic optimal control model with the aim of achieving industrial ecological conversion optimization and satisfying the requirements of sustainable development in resource-based city. The method used in our study is known as Hamilton function. We put forward the hypothesis with the consideration of key factors influencing the transformation of industrial ecology and developed an optimal control model. Necessary condition for optimal control of industrial ecological conversion is analyzed. The modeling results show that the government's efforts to guide can induce the transformation of industrial ecology and bring existing industries into the industry ecosystem. Our study strongly suggests and indicates that relevant governments in the resource-based cities should draw up policies and develop scientific control and appraisals system to effectively guide the transformation of industrial ecology.

Resource-based cities are the most important players in responding to climate change and achieving low carbon development in China. An analysis of relevant data (such as the energy consumption) showed an inter-city differentiation of CO2 emissions from energy consumption, and suggested an influence of the Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size (IEDS) in resource-based industrial cities at the prefecture level and above in different regions. Then by geographical detector technology, the sizes of each influencing mechanism on CO2 emissions from energy consumption of the IEDS were probed. This analysis showed that significant spatial differences exist for CO2 emissions from energy consumption and revealed several factors which influence the IEDS in resource-based cities. (1) In terms of unit employment, Eastern and Western resource-based cities are above the overall level of all resource-based cities; and only Coal resource-based cities far exceeded the overall level among all of the cities in the analysis. (2) In terms of unit gross industrial output value, the Eastern, Central and Western resources-based cities are all above the overall level for all the cities. Here also, only Coal resource-based cities far exceeded the overall level of all resources-based cities. Economic scale and energy structure are the main factors influencing CO2 emissions from energy consumption of the IEDS in resource-based cities. The factors influencing CO2 emissions in different regions and types of resource-based cities show significant spatial variations, and the degree of influence that any given factor exerts varies among different regions and types of resource-based cities. Therefore, individualized recommendations should be directed to different regions and types of resource-based cities, so that the strategies and measures of industrial low carbon and transformation should vary greatly according to the specific conditions that exist in each city.

Driven by the goal of achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality. Addressing environmental pollution and remediating land damage have become critical challenges in resource-based cities and regions with low land use efficiency. As a response, this study focuses on the 23 provinces where China's coal resource-based cities are situated. Utilizing data from 2014 to 2020, this research employs the SBM-Undesirable model, which considers undesirable outputs in efficiency calculations, and the Tobit regression test. It aims to explore the spatio-temporal variations in industrial transformation within resource-based cities and its impact on the efficiency of green space utilization. Furthermore, it analyzes the characteristics and the extent of the influence of factors such as industrial structure adjustments on urban land use efficiency, maximizing the output of land as a factor of production. The results show that: (1) Over the 7-year period studied, China consistently made nationwide adjustments to land area and land use structure to meet the needs of urban development (2) The regression test results show that the industrial transformation of resource-based cities can promote the improvement of green space utilization efficiency. The positive influence coefficient is 0.064 and is significant at a 1% level. (3) Environmental regulation, government expenditure, international trade, and green cover play a positive role in promoting green land use. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners seeking to foster sustainable development in resource-based cities.

Has the Sustainable Development Planning Policy Promoted the Green Transformation in China's Resource-based Cities?

The impacts of high-speed rail on the transformation of resource-based cities in China: A market segmentation perspective

With the exploitation of resources, many resource-based cities faced with many difficulties of mining depletion and city decline, so how to realize effective transformation of industrial ecology and sustainable development becomes a focus of research and practice. A reasonable and scientific performance evaluation of eco-industrial transformation has important significance in guiding transformation work. The overall objective of this study is to set up a performance evaluation index system. This paper studied six special characteristics of performance evaluation of the transformation of industrial ecology in resource-based cities. A model of performance transformation of industrial ecology and performance evaluation index system based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were set up. It is concluded that AHP is a scientific and reasonable method for performance evaluation and it is necessary to evaluate performance in the transformation of industrial ecology in resource-based cities.

In the digital era, digital financial inclusion plays a pivotal role in facilitating green industrial transformation and green development in resource-based cities. In this study, we conduct an in-depth analysis of environmental decentralization and digital financial inclusion and their mechanism of influence on the industrial green transformation of resource-based cities, utilizing panel data from resource-based cities in China between 2011 and 2022, in order to perform empirical tests using fixed effects and threshold models. The results indicate that environmental decentralization can advance the green transformation of industries, and that, under the influence of digital financial inclusion, environmental decentralization has a significant reverse impact on the green transformation of industries of resource-based cities in China. Furthermore, different levels of digital financial inclusion contribute to varying effects of environmental decentralization on the green transformation of industries. Additionally, the impact of environmental decentralization on the green transformation of industries differs among various types of resource-based cities in China. Therefore, we should continuously optimize the management system of environmental decentralization, improve the digital financial inclusion service system, fully leverage the advantages of digital financial inclusion, accurately grasp and scientifically utilize the driving principles of environmental decentralization, and implement measures in different cities according to the situation, in order to advance the green transformation of industries in resource-based cities in China.

PurposeIt has been ten years since the policy was implemented, but the effect of the policy needs to be tested empirically. This paper aims to explore the mechanism of policy influence on regional innovation ability by measuring the effectiveness of policy by innovation ability indicators. Further, it reflects the problems in the process of the transformation and development of resource-based cities in recent years and points out the direction for the development of the cities in the future. In addition, this paper discusses the differences between regions and cities in China and seeks the path to narrow the gap.Design/methodology/approachThis paper mainly uses the difference-in-difference method for the research. This study divided China’s resource-based cities and non-resource-based cities into experimental groups and control groups, and explored the effect of the transformation and development of resource-based cities and the changes of their innovation ability under the influence of the National Sustainable Development Plan for Resource-based Cities (NSDPRC). More carefully, this paper uses the fixed effects regression model, propensity score matching method, bootstrap method and other methods to improve the empirical results.FindingsThis paper finds that NSDPRC significantly improves the innovation ability of resource-based cities, although there is some lag in this effect. Research on the influence mechanism of policies shows that NSDPRC improves the marketization degree of resource-based cities and reduces the proportion of the secondary industry in such cities. Finally, the results of the heterogeneity analysis confirm that policies are more popular in western China and that resource-based cities in growth, maturity and decline are more vulnerable to policy influence. The development of policy effectiveness also requires the size of a city, and maintaining a healthy and reasonable scale is necessary for urban development.Originality/valueFirst, the existing research on the development of resource-based cities is mainly from the perspective of economy and environment, but rarely from the perspective of innovation ability, and the index to measure urban development is relatively single. This paper will compensate for this deficiency. Second, different from the European and American countries that have basically completed the industrial transformation, the research on Chinese cities will provide a reference for the transformation of developing countries. Finally, from the perspective of resource endowment theory and innovation theory, this paper discusses the influence of SDPNRBC mechanism on the innovation ability improvement of resource-based cities, and further improves and enriches the theory.

With increasingly serious environmental and resource problems, resource-based cities have attracted unprecedented attention at home and abroad. In recent years, resource-based cities have become a hot research topic that has produced fruitful results. However, few articles have comprehensively and systematically reviewed the research on resource-based cities, which makes it difficult to carry out further research. This study introduces the influencing factors of the urban transformation of resource-based cities, the path of urban transformation, and the evaluation index system of urban transformation in detail. At the same time, a total of 2,182 articles related to resource-based cities in the CNKI and WOS from 2002 to 2022 were taken as the research objects. CiteSpace software was used to conduct statistical analysis of publication dates, journals of publication, institutions, and highly cited literature. Using the co-occurrence network of literature keywords and the analysis of emergent words, the research status of resource-based cities at home and abroad is visually analyzed. It is found that Chinese universities attach the most importance to research on resource-based cities. Chinese-language journals focus on urban and economic transformation, while English-language journals focus on sustainable development and the circular economy, which are quite different. The overall research content of Chinese journals is scattered, the co-occurrence ability of keywords is weak, and the duration of hot research topics is short. In contrast, the overall research trend of English-language journals is more concentrated, the key words’ emergence intensity is high, and the duration is long. This study aims to systematically sort out the theories and research related to resource-based city development in China and internationally, clarify the key issues of resource-based city research and the shortcomings of existing research, and put forward feasible suggestions for future research.

Industrial transformation (IT) is the inevitable course for the sustainable development of resource-based cities, while digital inclusive finance (DIF) provides essential capital elements for industrial transformation. Based on the panel data of 115 resource-based cities in China from 2011 to 2019, this paper discusses the influence mechanism of digital inclusive finance on industrial transformation from the perspectives of the optimization of industrial structure (OIS) and the rationalization of industrial structure (RIS). The empirical results show that digital inclusive finance has a positive effect on both the optimization of industrial structure and the rationalization of industrial structure. Digital inclusive finance influences industrial transformation through residents’ income and technological innovation. In addition, in the analysis of income gap and innovation gap, low-income regions have a better effect on the industrial transformation of industrial structure optimization, while high-income regions have a better effect in manufacturing upgrading, thus resulting in a more significant effect of industrial transformation on the rationalization of industrial structure. Obviously, the development of high-innovation regions has relative advantages with more channels for industrial transformation, which have significant effect of industrial transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to provide differentiated reform on the basis of unified development reform.

Industrial transformation (IT) is the inevitable course for the sustainable development of resource-based cities, while digital inclusive finance (DIF) provides essential capital elements for industrial transformation. Based on the panel data of 115 resource-based cities in China from 2011 to 2019, this paper discusses the influence mechanism of digital inclusive finance on industrial transformation from the perspectives of the optimization of industrial structure (OIS) and the rationalization of industrial structure (RIS). The empirical results show that digital inclusive finance has a positive effect on both the optimization of industrial structure and the rationalization of industrial structure. Digital inclusive finance influences industrial transformation through residents' income and technological innovation. In addition, in the analysis of income gap and innovation gap, low-income regions have a better effect on the industrial transformation of industrial structure optimization, while high-income regions have a better effect in manufacturing upgrading, thus resulting in a more significant effect of industrial transformation on the rationalization of industrial structure. Obviously, the development of high-innovation regions has relative advantages with more channels for industrial transformation, which have significant effect of industrial transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to provide differentiated reform on the basis of unified development reform.

The development path of resource-based cities is different from that of any other cities, for the particularity of natural endowment determines industries’ various reliance on resources. After a close look at the literature relevant to the studies on the development path of resource-based cities both at home and abroad, this article has obtained the following major findings. First of all, some Chinese researchers have engaged in the study on the sustainable development of resource-based cities. This line of research mainly focuses on society, economy, resources and environment and chooses related indexes as the evaluative standards, while regardless of the unique attribute of the resource-based cities. The second finding is that many studies on the development of resource-based cities centered on the macro development of the cities, but paid little heed to the mechanism concerning the transformation of the resource-based cities. The next finding is with regard to the research methods. Generally speaking, descriptive and qualitative research methods dominated the whole body of literature in this field, while quantitative studies could be hardly seen. What has also been found is that research in this domain is of a uni-dimensional flavor, centering mainly on the economic factors and ignoring the social and ecological perspectives. In the last part of this article, we propose that future studies should put more emphasis on the sustainable development of the resource-based cities and adopt a wide range of research methods such as a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods, ecology-oriented methods, comprehensive evaluation method of index system and the theory of dissipative structure, with an aim to enrich and diversify the study methods in this line of research and to evaluate and guide the sustainable development of the resource-based cities in a more systematic manner.

The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological barrier and economic core area in China, with problems such as fragile ecological environment and ecosystem degradation, and promoting industrial ecological transformation in resource cities is an important way to protect and improve the ecological and logical environment of the Yellow River Basin. Using panel data of 35 resource-based cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2012 to 2021, the impact of digital technology on industrial colonisation is empirically explored. The study finds (1) digital technology has a driving effect on the industrial ecological transformation of resource-based cities in the Yellow River Basin, and can be a new production tool to stimulate economic vitality; there is obvious regional heterogeneity in the impact of digital technology on industrial ecology, which significantly promotes the industrial ecological transformation of mid-stream and declining resource-based cities, and the facilitating effect is more obvious for declining resource-based cities. (2) From the moderating effect, fiscal decentralisation positively moderates the non-linear relationship between digital technology and industrial ecology. (3) From the perspective of threshold effect, the impact of digital technology on industrial ecologisation has a double threshold effect based on fiscal decentralisation, i.e. at the early stage of digital technology development, a reasonable degree of fiscal decentralisation can significantly promote the industrial ecological transformation of resource cities, but after the development of digital technology to a certain extent, the impact of fiscal decentralisation on industrial ecologisation will be gradually weakened, and will even bring negative effects to industrial transformation. Therefore, improving the development system of digital technology, giving the government moderate financial autonomy, and at the same time adhering to the local conditions and exploring the ecological development road in line with the characteristics of resource cities in the Yellow River Basin have positive significance for the industrial ecological transformation of resource cities in the Yellow River Basin.

Assessment of coordinated development between social economy and ecological environment: Case study of resource-based cities in Northeastern China