Development and Validation of the Jealousy Scale

To the Editor: With the increase in life expectancy, the number of adults aged 60 and older will increase to 2 billion by 2050, 80% of whom will be living in developing countries.1 Falling is one of the main health problems of older adults, with approximately one-third of individuals aged 65 and older experiencing falls.2 Falls and fear of falls are related to one another, with each being a risk factor for the other.3 Fear of falls may result in avoidance of daily activities and reduction in the older adult's quality of life.4, 5 The Falls Efficacy Scale—International (FES-I) is an instrument that Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE) designed to investigate fear of falls in older adults.6 The present study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of a Persian version of the FES-I in Iranian older adults. Individuals aged 60 and older from a retirement center in Tabriz (Iran) who were able to speak, comprehend, read, and write Persian and were living independently in the community participated (n = 200). The study was performed between October 2012 and March 2013 after approval of the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The FES-I is a self-report questionnaire with 16 items assessed on a four-item Likert scale (not at all concerned to very concerned).6 Cronbach alpha (internal consistency) and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients (test–retest) were used to investigate reliability; values greater than 0.7 indicated good reliability, and values less than 0.5 indicated unacceptable reliability.7 To determine the validity of the construct, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were considered. Correlation matrix, principal axis factoring, varimax rotation, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) were used for exploratory factor analysis.1 To evaluate the structure of the factors of exploratory factor analysis, goodness of fit of confirmatory factor analysis was conducted based on chi-square degrees of freedom (χ2/df) less than 5, goodness-of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) greater than 0.9, root mean square residual (RMSR) less than 0.1, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than 0.08, comparative fit index (CFI) greater than 0.9, normed fit index (NFI) greater than 0.9, non-normed fit index (NNFI) greater than 0.9, incremental fit index (IFI) greater than 0.9, relative fit index (RFI).7 Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In all analyses, P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Cronbach alpha was 0.90 to 0.95 and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients were 0.82 to 0.84 for the factors and total instrument. The adequacy of the factor analysis model was confirmed (KMO = 0.936 and for Bartlett test, χ2 of Bartlett test was 2,505.781, df 120, P < .05). In exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, two factors were extracted. Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 16 from the questionnaire were loaded in the first factor, and items 11, 13, 14, and 15 were loaded in the second factor. Two extracted factors determined 67.55% of total variance changes.1 In confirmatory factor analysis, based on the comparison of the data of goodness of fit for two- and one-factor analysis and theoretical basic (χ2/df < 5, RMSR < 0.1, NFI > 0.9, NNFI > 0.9, CFI > 0.9, IFI > 0.91) and the closeness of GFI and AGFI to 0.9, there was no considerable difference in these values for three models. All relationships between the items and factors were significant (P < .05). Thus, based on this model, the structure of exploratory factor analysis for this questionnaire was confirmed in two factors (Table 1). Test–retest and internal consistency reliability in accordance with previous literature were confirmed.6, 8-10 In the investigation of factor analysis in the present study and other studies, two factors were extracted, but loaded items on each factor in the studies were different.6, 10 Based on the results of this study, the Persian version of the FES-I has good validity and reliability in community-dwelling older people. This instrument can be used as an easy, low-cost method of measuring fear of falling in Iranian older adults. This article is the result of a thesis approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of medical sciences no. 9161. Our gratitude goes to all the older adults participating in this study, ProFANE, and the collaboration of Persian and English translators who helped us in translating the instrument. Finally, we are grateful to the staff of the Tabriz retirement center in allowing us to conduct the research there. Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this paper. Author Contributions: All authors contributed to this paper. Sponsor's Role: None.

PurposeTo explore the structure of postgraduate research innovation ability and verify the Postgraduate Research Innovation Ability Scale.Patients and MethodsThis study was based on the componential theory of creativity. First, we drafted an item pool from the literature review, semi-structured interviews, and group discussions. A total of 125 postgraduates were selected for the pre-test. After item selection and exploratory factor analysis, an 11-item, 3-factor postgraduate research innovation ability scale was formed. The scale was applied to a sample of 330 postgraduates from various domestic universities. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to examine the factor structure of the scales.ResultsThe results support a three-factor model including creativity-relevant processes, domain-relevant skills, and intrinsic motivation for the Postgraduate Research Innovation Ability Scale. The scale showed good internal consistency (α =0.89) and test-retest reliability (r=0.86). Exploratory factor analysis showed that the KMO value was 0.87, and the Bartlett’s sphericity test results were significant. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the three-factor construct demonstrated a good model fit (χ2/df=1.945, GFI=0.916, CFI=0.950, RMSEA=0.076).ConclusionThe Postgraduate Research Innovation Ability Scale has good reliability and validity, and it can be used for future research in related fields.

Objective To develop school refusal reason inventory(SRRI)for children and adolescents in China and assess its reliability and validity. Methods The primary SSRI was made based on clinical interviews and literatures. Pretest was carried out in a small sample from a clinic. Then the final SSRI was developed after qualitative analysis and item analysis. SRRI, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED) and Child Depression Inventory(CDI) were administered to school refusers from 7 schools in Shenyang. All the schools were selected from Shenyang City and its countryside by cluster sampling. Some of the students were retested after one month. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were carried out to examine the reliability and validity of SRRI based on all the data. Results Item analysis indicated correlation coefficients between all the items and the total marks were higher than 0.3, and they were significant. All the critical ratios of the items were higher than 0.3. The 43 items were divided into six factors (educational modality, factor of teachers, relationship with classmates, separated anxiety, study attitude and study environment) by exploratory factor analysis. The factor loading values were 0.372~0.848. The cronbach's α of each factor was 0.827, 0.831, 0.759, 0.623, 0.821 and 0.808. Retest reliability was 0.644(P<0.01). Its correlation coefficient with SCARED was 0.452 and 0.548 with CDI. Conclusion According to Chinese cultural back ground, the SSRI corresponds with psychometric indexes. There are good reliability and validity. It is helpful to understand the reasons of school refusal behavior in children and adolescents. Key words: School refusal; Children and adolescent; Development; Reliability; Validity

IntroductionTo develop and psychometrically validate the Self-management Questionnaire for Patients with Lower Extremity Arterial Disease Patients Who Underwent Endovascular Revascularization (LESQ).MethodsWe developed the LESQ and validated it in a Chinese population. A three-round cross-sectional descriptive survey in six hospitals in China, involving samples of 271, 269, and 623 participants, respectively. The surveys were conducted between February 2021 to March 2022.ResultsThe final version of the LESQ, with 22 items, was divided into three domains using exploratory factor analysis: medical management, rehabilitation exercise management, and daily life management. The questionnaire had good internal consistency reliability, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.953 and good retest reliability, with the coefficients of 0.917, respectively. The content validity of the LESQ was 0.939. The three domains of the questionnaire were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The optimal cut-off points were 52 and 70, respectively, using latent profile analysis.DiscussionThe LESQ is a new self-report questionnaire for measuring self-management ability with good reliability and validity through validation.

ObjectiveThe main aim was to perform a systematic literature review of studies investigating the factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire (EDE‐Q), a widely used measure of eating pathology. Secondary aims were to summarize the quality of reporting of latent variable (factor) analyses in these studies and review support for different factor solutions.MethodLiterature was identified through Scopus, Medline, PsycInfo, and ProQuest databases published up to February 23, 2022 and outreach via an international listserv. All studies published in English reporting factor analysis of the EDE‐Q were included with few restrictions. Sixty studies including 63,389 participants met inclusion criteria.ResultsThe originally proposed four‐factor solution received little empirical support, although few alternative models have been robustly evaluated. Items assessing shape and weight concerns frequently coalesce in factor solutions, suggesting that these constructs are closely related. Investigations of brief versions of the EDE‐Q have produced more consistent findings, suggesting that these measures, particularly a seven‐item version, might be useful alternatives to the full version. Quality of studies was reasonable, with important methodological elements of factor analysis often reported.DiscussionThe findings are of relevance to practitioners and researchers, suggesting that the “original” factor structure of the EDE‐Q should be reconsidered and that use of a seven‐item version is to be encouraged.Public SignificanceSelf‐report questionnaires are widely used in the assessment of disordered eating. The current study found that there is little consensus about the structure of a common measure of eating psychopathology. There is more consistent support for a brief, seven‐item, version assessing dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and overvaluation of weight and shape.

Development and Validation of a Person-Centered Perioperative Nursing Scale

Developing a Multilevel Triage Safety Program for MRI

To explore and revise the factor structure, reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Driver Stress Inventory (DSI) in the driver population in first-tier city of China. In this study, the questionnaire method was used to select the data collected by the "Research on the Driving Stress of Urban Salaries in Urban Traffic" carried out by the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2012, and a third-party survey agency was commissioned to select 300 people in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou respectively. A total of 900 drivers (with 889 valid data scales) were used to test their driving stress and other indicators by using the DSI and the self-compiled travel and stress relief scale. The test content collects driver self-reported stress data from five dimensions: Aggression, Dislike of driving, Hazard-Monitoring, Fatigue Proneness and Thrill-seeking. The DSI questionnaire of 445 cardinal numbers was revised by item analysis methods such as correlation test and T-test, and exploratory factor analysis method based on principal component analysis and optimal skew axis method (Promax).The results of item analysis showed that the total correlation coefficient of 10 items of the 48 items of the original DSI scale was lower than 0.3, and the total correlation coefficient of 6 items was not significant (r=-0.078-0.079, P>0.05), and the high and low groups were independent. There were significant differences in the results of the sample t test (t=-16.642-0.091, P<0.001), the 16 items were deleted, and the remaining 32 items; exploratory factor analysis showed that KMO=0.938>0.900, and the Bartlett's sphericity test result was significant (χ²=6 361.974, df=496, P<0.001), suitable for exploratory factor analysis, the results showed that 2 items constituted independent factors, did not meet the relevant standards of psychometrics and were deleted, and finally retained 30 items, and the internal consistency coefficient of the new scale was better than the original one(α=0.932>0.877); Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, the model fitting indexes of 444 even-numbered samples such as RMSEA, SRMR, CFI and TLI were verified by confirmatory factor analysis, and the results showed that the index of each index was good (χ²=1 250.447, RMSEA=0.070, SRMR=0.068, CFI=0.839, TLI=0.823); criterion validity analysis found that each factor of the revised scale was significantly correlated with situational anxiety (r=0.190-0.556, P<0.01). In conclusion, the DSI (Chinese version) has good reliability and validity, and can be used as an assessment tool for driver stress in China.

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Newest Vital Sign(NVS). Methods The NVS was translated and back-translated. Cultural adaption of scale was performed by Delphi expert consultation and pilot study. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the NVS was tested in 451 Chinese residents. Results Chinese version of the NVS consisted of 6 items with Pearson correlation between item and total score of scale ranging from 0.50 to 0.71. Two factors were abstracted by exploratory factor analysis and explained 61.51% of total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fitness of the model was acceptable: comparative fit index was 0.96, Tuker-Lewis index was 0.92, standardized root mean square residual was 0.04, root mean square error of approximation was 0.077. Cronbach α coefficient was 0.71, retest reliability was 0.92. Conclusions Chinese version of the NVS has good reliability and validity, which can be used to test the health literacy of residents in China. Key words: Health literacy; Reliability; Validity; Measure

Stigma is known as social isolation of an individual because of his/her situation such as chronic disease conditions. Stigma in chronic disease have been associated with patients’ psychosocial behaviors. Stigma is classified as social stigma and self-stigma, but studies of self-stigma in diabetes was insufficient due to lack of measuring tools. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the self-stigma scale in patients with diabetes. The preliminary items of self-stigma scale developed through hybrid concept analysis. To confirm the psychometric properties, contents validity by experts, construct validity such as item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability were performed. Total 399 patients with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) were recruited from two University hospital in Korea. Initial 40 items were extracted through literature review and in-depth interview during hybrid concept analysis. In content validity, 27 items remained. At item analysis for construct validity, two items below score 0.2 for total correlation of correlated items were deleted. In exploratory factor analysis, 21 items with 4 factors (incompetence, social withdrawal, self-devaluation, and negative feeling) were extracted and it accounted for 51.17% of the variance. In confirmatory factor analysis, 5 items below 0.4 for standard regression weight were dropped. Final 16 items with four factors was acceptable level of goodness-of-fit parameters (CMIN/DF=2.742, SRMR=0.149, RMSEA=0.090, GFI=0.867, AGFI=0.816, CFI=0.910). The reliability of the scale was Cronbach’s alpha=.89. In conclusion, the self-stigma scale in diabetes have shown good validity and reliability. This scale can be used as an effective tool to measure diabetes related self-stigma, and be investigated what factors can be associated with self-stigma in diabetes in future study. Disclosure K. Seo: None. J. Cho: None. B. Ku: Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Lilly Diabetes, Sanofi-Aventis. A. Lim: None. G. Ko: None. Y. Song: None.

BackgroundAdvances in medical treatment for HIV are driving major changes in HIV policy and practice, including the encouragement of intake and adherence to HIV antiretroviral treatment (ART) by people living with HIV (PLHIV) for both personal and public health benefits. However, there is increasing recognition that achieving these goals will require a concurrent focus on the broader psychological and social wellbeing of PLHIV. Increasingly calls are being been made to incorporate a stronger focus on quality of life (QoL) of PLHIV into HIV prevention policy.In order to achieve this goal, HIV community, support and healthcare services need a valid, short and practical way to evaluate QoL of PLHIV accessing their programs. Current QoL measures are either long, complex, restricted in their use, or expensive. To address these shortcomings, the PozQoL study aimed to develop, test and validate a short and freely available scale assessing QoL among PLHIV.MethodsDrawing on a literature review, the prioritisation of domains and development of the initial pool of items was conducted in consultation with PLHIV community organisations in Australia. The items covered health concerns, psychological, social, and functional wellbeing. Testing involved a baseline and a follow-up survey of 465 adult Australians living with HIV. Participants were recruited through social media and various community organizations nationwide. The survey included the pilot PozQoL scale and other validated measures of health and wellbeing.ResultsGuided by an Exploratory Factor Analysis and conceptual considerations, a 13-item scale was developed. The PozQoL scale demonstrated high levels of fit in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis, very good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity with other measures that approximated different aspects of QoL.ConclusionThe PozQoL scale has been tested in a diverse sample of adult PLHIV living in Australia, demonstrating very good reliability and validity. The insights from PLHIV and other stakeholders supported the balancing of statistical rigour and conceptual accuracy. The scale is now ready to be implemented and field-tested across a range of community, support and healthcare programs for PLHIV. This will make a significant contribution to the evaluation and enhancement of programs for PLHIV.

Objective To build demand scale for Post-hospital intestinal colostomy patients and test the reliability and validity. Methods Through the investigation of relevant literature at home and abroad, Based on the Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory, in combination with intestinal colostomy patients psychological scale, using qualitative research, a semi-structured interview was conducted in 12 patients with colostomy A thorough understanding of colostomy patients Post-hospital care needs content (interview time as follows: September - October 2015), to analysis the interview recording data, the item pool of the scale for post-hospital care needs in patients with colostomy was constructed. Choosing 200 patients from the department of Proctology of third-grade class-A hospitals of Jilin province, and carries on the scale of clinical testing, after collecting the relative data, and make use of Critical Ration、the correlation coefficient method and the internal consistency coefficient method、further concludes that the scale items should be added or not, and picking up the internal consistency reliability 1/2 reliability retest reliability content validity and structure validity to analysis each item. Results The demand scale for Post-hospital intestinal colostomy patients included 6 dimensions and 24 items. The total content validity index (S-CVI) of the scale was 0.968, and the content validity index (I-CVI) of each item was 0.78-1.00. By exploratory factor analysis, 6 principal components were extracted, and the cumulative explanation variation of 6 principal components was 91.753%. This indicated that the scale had good validity. The total Cronbach a coefficient of the scale was 0.751, and the Cronbach a coefficient of each dimension was 0.968-0.974, all above 0.7, which indicated that the internal consistency was good. The half-fold reliability and retest reliability of the scale were 0.794 and 0.827 respectively. Conclusion The scale designed in this study has good reliability and validity, and can be used as an effective assessment tool for nursing needs of patients after discharge from enterotomy. Key words: Intestinal colostomy; Care needs; Reliability; Validity

This study aimed to develop the Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale for men and to examine its psychometric properties. This methodological study was conducted in three stages. Participants included all men aged 18 and older who consented to participate. Ethical approval was obtained. In the first stage, 512 participants were included, with 255 participants and 257 participants in the second stage. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted in the first stage using Sample 1 data. Following the analysis in the first stage, data were collected for Sample 2. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was performed on the Sample 2 data. Considering that perceptions of traumatic birth in men might vary according to marital status, Sample 2 data were analyzed in three groups: single, married, and all participants. Data collection was conducted online via Google Forms. The research instruments included a Participant Information Form, a draft version of the Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale for Men, and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Short Scale as an equivalent scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used for validity analysis. Reliability coefficients were calculated using Cronbach's alpha and parallel test reliability coefficients. The developed scale consisted of 23 items and four sub-dimensions (anxiety, trauma, privacy, and comfort). The Cronbach's alpha internal reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.868, and the reliability coefficients of the sub-dimensions ranged from 0.602 to 0.851, indicating good reliability. In the second stage of the Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale for Men, the first-level factorial structure of the scale (× 2 (221, N = 257) p < 0.000; × 2/sd = 1.578; CMIN:348.87; RMSEA = 0.048; CFI = 0.931; GFI = 0.900) showed excellent fit across the entire sample. The results indicate that the Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale for men has good reliability and validity and can be used to determine the perceived level of traumatic birth in men.

ObjectiveUrinary incontinence significantly impacts the quality of life of elderly patients, yet there is a lack of specific assessment tools for their nursing needs in the Chinese healthcare context. To develop a nursing needs scale for elderly patients with urinary incontinence and test its reliability and validity, aiming to provide a quantitative assessment tool for geriatric nursing practitioners and a scientific basis for quality-of-life interventions and standardized nursing for these patients, thus promoting the standardization of nursing practice.MethodsA comprehensive approach was adopted, including literature analysis, qualitative interviews, the Delphi method, pre-testing, and questionnaire surveys. Literature was retrieved from multiple databases and relevant websites to construct the initial scale framework and item pool. Purposive sampling was used to select 12 elderly patients with urinary incontinence (aged 60 years and above) and 10 medical staff for semi-structured qualitative interviews. Twenty-two experts participated in two rounds of Delphi consultations. Convenience sampling was applied to select 30 patients for pre-testing and 530 patients for the formal questionnaire survey. Content validity was evaluated using the Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were used to assess sampling adequacy. Factor loadings and total variance explained were calculated through exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the factor structure. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 25.0 software to evaluate the scale’s reliability and validity.ResultsThe initial scale had 48 items in 5 dimensions. After expert consultations and item screening, the pre-test version with 36 items was formed. Through exploratory factor analysis on 250 patients, 5 common factors were extracted, and one item was deleted, resulting in the final scale. Confirmatory factor analysis on 280 patients showed that the model fit well (χ2/df = 1.412, RMSEA = 0.037, SRMR = 0.042, GFI = 0.901, TLI = 0.942, CFI = 0.947, NFI = 0.915, IFI = 0.948). The scale had good reliability (Cronbach’s α coefficient of the total scale was 0.901, split-half reliability was 0.865) and validity (content validity index S-CVI was 0.942).ConclusionThe developed nursing needs scale for elderly patients with urinary incontinence consists of 35 items in 5 dimensions. The scale demonstrates good psychometric properties and can serve as an effective assessment tool in clinical practice. However, further research with larger samples and different regions is needed to improve the scale.

Objective: Alexisomia is characterized by difficulty in identifying and describing bodily feelings. Shitsu-taikan-sho scale (STSS) is a self-report tool that assesses alexisomia. This study aimed to validate the Mongolian version of STSS in a nonclinical student sample. Methods: A total of 593 undergraduate students (217 males, 376 females, 18–25 years), who were studying at medical universities, were recruited. Participants completed the Mongolian version of STSS, which was translated from Japanese to Mongolian, back-translated, and finalized by an expert committee. Construct validity was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for a three-factor structure. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were measured using Cronbach's α and the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), respectively. Results: The mean scores of STSS were 18.6 ± 5.7 for difficulty identifying bodily feelings (DIB), 18.8 ± 4.0 for overadaptation (OA), 23.7 ± 4.1 for lack of health management (LHM), and 61.1 ± 10.5 for the total score (possible range: 7–35 for DIB, OA, LHM, and 21–105 for the total score, respectively). Exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure consisting of 21 items that explained 40.3% of the variance (KMO = 0.916, RMSEA = 0.049, χ2 = 372, p < .001). Confirmatory factor analysis provided a good fit to the data (CFI = 0.876, TLI = 0.861, RMSEA = 0.068, χ2 = 703, p < .001). Cronbach's alpha for the STSS was 0.860, indicating good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability analysis demonstrated good reliability (ICC = 0.791). Conclusion: The 21-item Mongolian version of STSS demonstrated evidence of good reliability and validity for assessing alexisomia in a nonclinical population in Mongolia. This suggests that the Mongolian version of the STSS may allow for the comparison of alexisomia among adults in Mongolia with those in other countries.