Development and mechanism study of Cu-doped carbon dots as corrosion inhibitor and bactericide

This book gives an overview of the science and technology of corrosion control using chemicals to a general technical audience. However, since this is a specialized book, some knowledge of corrosion processes (such as provided by The AMPP Basic Corrosion Course) is assumed. In addition, chemical knowledge equivalent to an introductory college chemistry course is recommended. The emphasis of this book is placed on the basic chemical and mechanical principles for corrosion control. These subjects include surface corrosion inhibitors (CI) as well as other chemicals such as biocides and acid gas control chemicals, as well as application methods. A major goal is to demonstrate that similar chemical and hydraulic principles take place in each segment of the O&G environment. Thus, understanding these principles allows understanding chemical corrosion control methods in the different, but connected segments of this industry. The target reader is a corrosion professional (engineers and/or scientists) in any part of the oil, gas production, and pipeline industries. People involved with both large and small producers of O/G, as well as the vendor suppliers of chemicals to these industries should read this book. The same applies to operators of pipelines and the service companies that provide corrosion protection chemicals. The book could also be used to train technicians who have some knowledge of chemistry. This book:Covers a wide range of current chemicals, mechanisms, and application methods needed to control corrosion in many oil, gas, and pipeline environments.Demonstrates that several basic chemical and mechanical principles underlie many corrosion control technologies and that this knowledge is transferable to different saturations making solutions more understandable and practical.Lavishly illustrated including 215 figures and 24 tables.Each Chapter has a summary and some chapters provide practical illustrations of the principles described in that chapter.Each chapter has a comprehensive reference list that documents the ideas described allowing the reader to learn more about any topic that has been described.

Distinguished Author Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to informthe general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering. Introduction Corrosion in oil and gas production has important economic aspects. The direct losses resulting from corrosion--i.e., the cost of replacing corroded parts--are often minor compared with indirect costs parts--are often minor compared with indirect costs such as the loss of revenue caused by lost ordeferred production. An exception is the case of offshore production. Anexception is the case of offshore production, where the direct loss resulting from production, where the direct loss resulting from corrosion of an offshore platform can be extremely expensive. Many phases of oil and gas production are affected by corrosion. Two corrodents are responsible for problems found in the petroleum industry: dissolved problems found in the petroleum industry: dissolved oxygen and acidicspecies, most commonly CO2. Dissolved oxygen accounts for the corrosive nature of seawater and produced water and also for the corrosive nature of soil. CO2accounts for corrosion in many oil and gas wells. H2S, when present, rendersproblems with dissolved oxygen and CO2 even more serious. H2S also can introduce a serious cracking problem, sulfide stress cracking (SSC), when it contacts high- strength steel that is under stress. The combined action of acorrodent with cyclic (periodic) stress can result in corrosion fatigue, a problem often found in drillpipe and in the sucker rods of pumped wells. Besides serious downhole corrosion problems associated with oil and gas production, corrosion problems also occur frequently during waterflood problems also occur frequently during waterflood operations in which produced water or seawater is injected. In each case corrosion-preventive measures are available(such as oxygen removal or corrosion- inhibitor injection), but they require careful application. Corrosion resulting from corrosive soil is potentially serious for pipelines, tank bottoms, and well casings. An electrical method of corrosion control, cathodic protection, is often applicable to these cases. Offshore protection, is often applicable to these cases. Offshore platforms and related pipelines present severe potential platforms and related pipelines present severe potential corrosion problems that are controlled by coatings and by cathodic protection. Corrosion is an economic as well as an engineering problem. The cost of corrosion to the worldwide problem. The cost of corrosion to the worldwide industry is staggering. For example, in a 1975 study, the annual cost of corrosion in the U.S. alone was estimated at $70 billion. Of this total, about15% or $10 billion was considered avoidable--i.e., could be saved through existing corrosion-control technology. The cost of corrosion in the petroleum industry no doubt represents a large fraction of the total cost. Besides the economic importance of corrosion, two other aspects make corrosion control an urgent consideration: conservation and human safety. Corrosion represents a waste of valuable resources and requires care to ensure public safety and welfare. This paper examines both the economic and engineering paper examines both the economic and engineering aspects of corrosion and its control. Economic Impact of Corrosion Two types of losses are attributed to corrosion: direct and indirect. Direct losses are those that can be accounted for directly, such as replacement costs, including parts and labor, and protection costs such as the cost of alloying, corrosion inhibitors, coatings, cathodic protection, and R and D. Indirect losses caused by corrosion failure can be far larger than directlosses. JPT P. 1033

We aimed to investigate the corrosion patterns and the main controlling factors of N80 steel and P110 steel tubing under different sections. Conducting weight loss corrosion experiments for 168 h using high-temperature and high-pressure autoclaves to simulate the corrosion behavior of two types of casing materials, N80 steel and P110 steel, in different well sections under specific conditions of CO2 content, chloride ion concentration, temperature, pressure, and sulfate-reducing bacteria population in highly mineralized formation water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the corrosion products, surface morphology, and elemental composition of the two steel pipes. Additionally, 3D microscopy was employed to observe the morphology and measure the dimensions of localized corrosion pits. Under different well sections, the corrosion products formed on N80 steel and P110 steel mainly consist of FeCO3, and crystalline salts of chlorides present in the solution medium. Under low-water-cut conditions, narrow and deep corrosion defects were observed, while narrow and shallow corrosion defects were found under high-water-cut conditions. In the upper wellbore section, both steel pipes exhibited dispersed and thin corrosion product films that suffered from rupture and detachment, resulting in severe localized corrosion. In the middle wellbore section, the corrosion product film on N80 steel comprised irregularly arranged polygonal grains, some of which exhibited significant gaps, leading to extremely severe corrosion. For P110 steel, the corrosion product film was also dispersed and thin, with extensive detachment and extremely severe corrosion. In the lower wellbore section, both steel pipes were covered with a dense layer of grains, with smaller gaps between them, effectively protecting the metal matrix from corrosion. Consequently, the corrosion rate decreased compared to the middle section but still exhibited severe corrosion. In low-water-cut conditions, attention should be given to the risk of column safety due to corrosion from condensate water and CO2, as well as the size of narrow and deep corrosion defects in the middle wellbore section. In high-water-cut conditions, it is recommended to use corrosion inhibitors in combination while focusing on SRB bacteria corrosion in the upper wellbore section, condensate water in the middle section, CO2 content and chloride ion coupling in the lower section, and the size of narrow and shallow corrosion defects causing column safety risks.

Infected bone defect repair suffers frequently from the insufficient bone differentiation activity and the stubborn biofilm formation resulting from bacterial infections. In addition, the incorporation of non-biocompatible antibiotics into scaffolds may not only induce the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria but also hinders the repair of the bone defects. Herein, we present, for the first time, a Cu-doping site regulation strategy in carbon dots (CDs) to boost both antibacterial and osteogenic activities for the repair of infected bone defects. The balanced osteogenic and antibacterial activity enhancements have been achieved by regulating the Cu doping sites: those in the plane rather than at the edge of CDs have endowed the doped CDs with excellent antibacterial activity through a ROS production-mediated cuproptosis-like death mechanism. In contrast, the edge-doped Cu species was found to present a Cu-crosslinked CD assembly (Cu+@CD), resulting in only antibacterial activity without osteogenic activity. Significantly, transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals Cu-CD-mediated cuproptosis-like death of bacteria by impairing tricarboxylic acid cycle and damaging cell membranes, leading to the further enhancement of antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Finally, the injectable Cu-CD-incorporated GelMA hydrogels achieve complete healing of infected bone defects after implanting for two months through the negative-charge-facilitated osteogenic differentiation and cuproptosis-like antibacterial effect by ROS production. Overall, this work presents a novel perspective on the Cu doping site regulation in CDs for concurrent antibacterial and osteogenic activities in the repair of infected bone defects.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are the primary cause of corrosion in oil and gas pipeline steel. To understand how temperature and immersion time affect the SRB-induced corrosion of BG L450OQO-RCB pipe steel, the present study delved into the morphology and elemental composition of corrosion products, corrosion rate, corrosion solution composition, and electrochemical performance at different temperatures (25, 40, and 60 °C) and immersion times (5, 10, and 20 days). During the SRB corrosion of the investigated steel, extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), iron sulfide, and iron phosphide were produced on the surfaces of the steel samples, along with the calcium carbonate product. Chloride ions in the corrosion solution contributed to the corrosion of steel and the formation of chlorides on steel surfaces. Over time, the quantities of EPSs, iron sulfide, and iron phosphide gradually decreased with immersion time. The presence of surface iron chloride initially increased and then decreased with immersion time. Conversely, the presence of calcium carbonate surface product initially decreased and then increased with immersion time. The content of SRB extracellular polymer, iron sulfide, and iron phosphide changed imperceptibly between 25 and 40 °C, but the overall content decreased at 60 °C. The content of surface ferric chloride remained practically unchanged between 25 and 40 °C but increased at 60 °C. The calcium carbonate surface product increased slightly with higher temperature. The corrosion of Cu-containing steel by SRB follows the cathodic depolarization theory.

Novel carbon dots as effective corrosion inhibitor for N80 steel in 1 M HCl and CO2-saturated 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions

Quantum dots as ecofriendly and aqueous phase substitutes of carbon family for traditional corrosion inhibitors: A perspective

As oilfield exploitation advances to greater depths, existing corrosion inhibitors show limited effectiveness at high temperatures. In this study, a novel Mannich base corrosion inhibitor was synthesised, and its performance in inhibiting corrosion of N80 steel in a 20% HCl solution was evaluated using weight loss tests, electrochemical measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrated that the corrosion inhibition rate increased with inhibitor concentration and decreased as temperature rose. At a concentration of approximately 1.0% in the 20% HCl solution, the Mannich base achieved a maximum inhibition efficiency of 99.9% at 60°C and 98% at 100°C. Electrochemical tests revealed that the synthesised Mannich base exhibited a mixed control inhibition mechanism. SEM and EDS analyses confirmed that the corrosion inhibitor formed a dense adsorption layer on the surface of N80 steel. The inhibitor's behaviour followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting the coexistence of both physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms.

Carbon dots (CDs) are nanosized structures with luminescent properties, which were first reported as part of single-walled carbon nanotubes. CDs are considered a zero-dimensional (0D) carbon-dominated nanomaterial and consist of two main parts: a carbon skeleton and functionalized shell. The possibility of increasing the number of surface groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine, improves water solubility and modifies the corrosion inhibition properties of CDs. These advantages can provide the desired properties to enhance corrosion inhibition. Inhibiting molecules must contain functional groups with electron donating atoms, p-type molecular orbitals, aromatic rings and unsaturation in order to favor adsorption on metallic surfaces. As such, CDs can be doped or functionalized, as described in several papers. Methods to obtain CDs are classified as a function of the starting material. Methods that involve breaking down large carbon structures into smaller ones are called top-down techniques, while those in which nanosized structures are obtained, progressing from smaller to larger molecules, are known as bottom-up methods. Methods to obtain corrosion inhibitors are mostly bottom-up, with an additional step to increase the presence of surface groups that can effectively improve CD properties, such as solubility and electron density, which are particularly important in corrosion inhibition.

The corrosion behaviour of N80, 3Cr, and 5Cr steels were investigated under wet fire drive conditions using a high-temperature and high-pressure autoclave, weight-loss method, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The findings indicated that elevated air pressure (4–6 MPa) and flow rates (0.5–1.5 m/s) significantly exacerbated corrosion, leading to both localised pitting and general corrosion on the steel samples. Predominant components of the corrosion product scales were identified as FeCO3 and Cr2O3. Notably, N80 steel exhibited higher pitting sensitivity compared to 3Cr and 5Cr steel, whereas 5Cr steel demonstrated superior corrosion resistance under the experimental conditions. Consequently, it is recommended to use cost-effective pipes with adequate corrosion resistance, such as various low-alloy pipes with differing chromium (Cr) contents, in oilfield applications. This study underscores the importance of selecting corrosion-resistant pipes as a primary means of corrosion prevention in oil and gas operations. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the corrosion performance of diverse steel materials in wet fire drive environments, offering pertinent implications for corrosion mitigation strategies within the industry.

Preparation of antimicrobial/ultraviolet protective bacterial nanocellulose film with carbon dots synthesized from lactic acid bacteria

The effect of pyrrolic nitrogen on corrosion inhibition performance of N-doped carbon dots

Carbon dots are regarded as a brand new class of nanostructures in the carbonaceous family that have piqued the curiosity of researchers in a wide range of bio applications. This work focuses on the synthesis and characterization of carbon dots, as well as their latent fingerprint detection and antibacterial/antifungal capabilities. Highly luminous carbon dots were prepared by optimizing simple hydrothermal carbonization settings at 180 °C for 12 h using lemon juice as a raw precursor. The resulting product was examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffractometery, and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. The as-prepared carbon dots were found to be extremely bright when excited under ultraviolet light (λ = 365 nm). The presence of carbon and oxygen functionalities on the surface of the carbon dots was revealed by infrared spectrocopy. The diffraction pattern confirmed the amorphous structure of the carbon dots, with an average size of 7 nm determined using the Scherrer equation. The surface morphology analysis revealed that the carbon dots exhibited an aggregated form with irregular spherical shapes. The chemical structure examination validated the elemental makeup of the prepared lemon juice-based carbon dots. The detection of latent fingerprints on carbon dots under ultraviolet light yielded positive results. In addition, the obtained carbon dots displayed antifungal and antibacterial activity against tested pathogenic fungal and bacterial strains.

Heteroatoms-doped carbon dots: Fundamental, properties, coordination bonding and corrosion protection

Facile and scalable preparation of carbon dots with Schiff base structures toward an efficient corrosion inhibitor