Development and interlaboratory validation of a cultivar-specific identification method for the table grape ‘Shine Muscat’ using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

THE Union of Myanmar experienced its first highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks from March to April 2006. These occurred in the Mandalay and Sagain divisions, in the central part...

Geriatrics & Gerontology InternationalVolume 21, Issue 6 p. 538-539 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Indoor horticultural therapy for older adults living in a nursing home: Bedside structured floral arrangement program Hiroko Mochizuki-Kawai, Corresponding Author Hiroko Mochizuki-Kawai [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-6549 Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan Correspondence Dr Hiroko Mochizuki-Kawai PhD, Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorTaito Sakaba, Taito Sakaba Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorYuriko Yamakawa, Yuriko Yamakawa Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Hiroko Mochizuki-Kawai, Corresponding Author Hiroko Mochizuki-Kawai [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-6549 Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan Correspondence Dr Hiroko Mochizuki-Kawai PhD, Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorTaito Sakaba, Taito Sakaba Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorYuriko Yamakawa, Yuriko Yamakawa Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 April 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14155Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume21, Issue6June 2021Pages 538-539 RelatedInformation

Vol. 80 (2009) No. 3 (pp. 219–333) Original Papers Determination of major and trace-element concentrations in farmyard manure using an energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF) Hisaya MATSUNAMI*1, Kenji MATSUDA*2 and Yoshinori MIURA*1 *1Fukushima. Agric. Tech. Centr., *2Spectris Co. Ltd., PANalytical Division (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 219–225, 2009) We have developed a quick and simple method of determining major and trace- element concentrations in farmyard manure using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF) employing Cartesian geometry and equipped with secondary targets. A total of 122 farmyard manure samples (75 cattle manure, 23 poultry manure, 24 swine manure) were used to obtain calibration curves for 24 elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, Pb, Cd, As, Na, Al, Ti, V, Rb, Sr, Ba, Ce, Cr, Co, Ni and Zr). A sample briquette obtained by applying pressure to manure powder packed into a plastic ring was used for the fluorescence X-ray analysis, and calibration curves showing good linearity for 20 of the elements (all except Cr, Co, Ni and Zr) were obtained. The values determined using EDXRF showed close agreement with those determined using ICP-AES/MS. These results indicated that the XRF technique is suitable for practical analysis of major and trace-element concentrations in farmyard manure. The time needed to measure five elements (P, K, Ca, Cu, Zn) was thirty minutes per sample, and it also appears possible to reduce the measurement time if the precision requested by the user is lower. Determination of nutrients and hazardous heavy metals in farmyard manure prior to its application can be a useful technique to avoid excess accumulation of these elements on farmland. Key words: heavy metal, farmyard manure, trace element, major element, fluorescence X-ray analysis. Quantity of organic waste resources in Japan and capacity of local farmland to receive composted wastes Shin-Ichiro MISHIMA*1, Akira ENDO*2, Yasuhito SHIRATO*1 and Sonoko D. KIMURA*3 *1National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, *2Akita Prefectural University, *3Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 226–232, 2009) We estimated the quantities of fresh and composted livestock excreta, food refuse, and sewage sludge on a national and prefectural scale in Japan in 2005. The total amount of livestock excreta produced was 89 Tg fresh weight (FW), which contained 680 Gg N and 116 Gg P. The amount of compost produced from it was 11.9 Tg FW, which contained 184 Gg N; that is, composting reduced the N content to less than one-third. The total amount of food refuse produced was 22 Tg FW, which contained 185 Gg N and 26 Gg P. The amount of compost produced from it was 5.8 Tg FW, which contained 79 Gg N; that is, composting reduced the N content to less than half. The total amount of sewage sludge produced was 75 Tg FW, which contained 106 Gg N and 20 Gg P. The amount of compost produced from it was 2.0 Tg FW (1/40), which contained 40 Gg N; that is, composting reduced the N content to 2/5. Thus, composting is effective at reducing the amount of refuse. Japanese farmland has the capacity to receive 40 Tg FW of composted cattle manure: at 0 to 5.62 Mg FW ha–1 to paddy fields (depending on the prefecture), 10 Mg FW ha–1 to upland fields, 7.5 Mg FW ha–1 to orchards, and 20 Mg FW ha–1 to forage fields. The quantities of composted livestock manure, food refuse, and sewage sludge equated to 17, 15, and 5 Tg cattle manure. Therefore, Japanese farmland has the capacity to receive all composted wastes produced nationally. However, the amounts produced and the capacities to use them vary widely among prefectures. By our estimation, 6 prefectures out of 47 cannot use all the composted manure produced within them, and 14 can receive composts from outside. Our estimation did not take into account any limitations on nutrients in excess of needs or the heavy metal load. Therefore, nutrient imbalances might occur. The amount of compost made from organic wastes and the capacity of farmland to use it could be used to decide the fate of the wastes. Key words: compost, food refuse, livestock excreta, receiving capacity, sewage sludge. Time course transition of soil solution composition and its cation balance during repeated vegetable production using salt-concentrated compost Munehiro EBATO*1,3, and Mitsue KURIBARA*2 *1National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasu Research Station, *2Livestock Industry Research Center, Fukushima Agricultural Technology Center, *3present address: National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Miyota Research Station (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 233–240, 2009) On the grounds that salt-concentrated compost is a valuable organic fertilizer, we investigated the effects of successive applications on the growth of komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis) and on soil by investigating the time course transition of the soil solution composition and its cation balance, and crop yield. In the first pot experiment, komatsuna was grown 4 times in succession in an Andosol and a Brown Lowland soil (Fluvisol) with chemical fertilizer, ordinary compost, or salt-concentrated compost. Although aboveground dry-matter yields with salt-concentrated compost tended to be higher than those with ordinary compost from the first to the third crop on both soils, they were significantly lower in the fourth crop. As the amount of salt-concentrated compost increased, the concentrations of Ca and Mg in komatsuna decreased. Soil electrical conductivity increased with the amount and number of applications of salt-concentrated compost. The values of ARK+Na, which were used to estimate the cation composition of the soil solution, decreased to a steady level by the beginning of the third crop. The results suggest that the yield decline caused by repeated application of salt-concentrated compost was due to both an increased soil solution concentration and its unsuitable composition, which prevented the komatsuna from absorbing Ca and Mg from the soil solution. In the second pot experiment, in which komatsuna was grown in the Andosol with salt-concentrated compost applied at 10 or 20 Mg ha–1, co-application of dolomite at 5 Mg ha–1 improved the soil solution ARK+Na immediately, and the yield of komatsuna increased accordingly. Key words: ARK+Na, komatsuna, salt-concentrated compost, soil solution composition, successive application. Effects of the stage of maturity and timing of application of cattle manure compost on the nitrogen fertilizer effect in forage rice cultivation Yoshitaka HARA*1, Kazunari TSUCHIYA*1,2 and Keiko NAKANO*1 *1Chikugo Research Station, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, *2present address: Daisen Research Station, National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 241–249, 2009) We examined the effects of the stage of maturity of cattle manure compost and the timing of application on the N-fertilizer effect in forage rice. Rice plants were grown in several plots to which cattle manure compost of different stages of maturity was applied 0–4 weeks before soil puddling. In plots that received compost early or that received mature compost, the N concentration of the puddled-soil solution and the amount of N uptake by the rice plants were low. When compost at the midpoint of the first fermentation was applied just before soil puddling, rooting was delayed by a few days. However, there was no damage to the growth of the rice in any plot, and the whole crop yield was high (depending on the uptake of N). Yield was resistant to delays in rooting or to improper N supply, because the whole plant is harvested for forage, not just the grain. In addition, the degree of nitrate leaching into the subsoil was low when the compost was immature or was applied late. Consequently, in forage rice cultivation, cattle manure compost can be a highly effective N fertilizer if it is applied after the first fermentation and near soil puddling. Key words: application time, manure compost, degree of maturity, forage rice, paddy field. Trace elements of farmyard manure in Fukushima Prefecture Hisaya MATSUNAMI*1, Yasumasa OGAWA*2, Shin-ichi YAMASAKI*2 and Yoshinori MIURA*1 *1Fukushima. Agric. Tech. Centr., *2Sci., Grad. Sch. Environ. Std. Tohoku Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 250–256, 2009) A total of 122 farmyard manure samples (75 cattle manure, 23 poultry manure and 24 swine manure) collected in Fukushima Prefecture were analyzed for trace elements. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) The trace element concentrations were in the order of Na, Fe and Al (the median in all farmyard manure: 4194-4985 mgkg-1) > Ti, Mn and Zn (222-578 mg kg-1) > Cu, Rb, Sr and Ba (19-87 mg kg-1) > Li, V, Cr, Ni, Ga, As, Y, Zr, Mo, Cd, Pb, La, Ce and Nd (0.32-7.53mg kg-1). (2) The concentrations of Li, Al, Ti, V, Fe, Ga, As, Zr and Ba in cattle manure were higher than those in poultry manure, and highly positive correlation coefficients were observed among these elements in many combinations. In contrast, the contents of N, Mg, P, Ca, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr and Mo in poultry manure were higher than those in cattle manure. The swine manure possessed the chemical properties of both cattle manure and poultry manure, with some exceptions. (3) The concentrations of Cd, As and Pb were generally low in farmyard manure. Although Zn was used as an index to monitor the accumulation of other harmful elements stemming from the application of farmyard manure, higher correlation coefficients were not found among Cu, Zn, Cd, As and Pb when all kinds of manure from different types of domestic animals were taken into consideration. (4) Cu and Zn concentrations were high in poultry manure and particularly high in swine manure, suggesting that care should taken to avoid soil pollution caused by the application of these manure types. Key words: heavy metal, farmyard manure, trace elements. Change in nutrient content and solubility by carbonization or heat treatment of cattle manure Hiroyuki MAKI, Satoshi KONO and Kousuke NAGAI Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 257–262, 2009) We investigated the content and solubility of nutrients in cow manure compost heat-treated at 80–180 °C for 2 h or carbonized at 200–900 °C for 2 h. (1) Carbonization reduced the weight of the compost by between 21.9% at 200 °C and 66.9% at 900 °C. P, K, Ca, and Mg contents remained almost the same, but N was volatilized by between 17.7% at 200 °C and 88.4% at 900 °C. (2) Heat treatment reduced the content of NH4 +-N by between 6% at 80 °C and 72.4% at 180 °C. It similarly reduced the content of acetic acid–soluble N by 34.5%–71.7% and of phosphoric acid–soluble N by 12.8%–46%. Carbonizing at 400 °C or higher eliminated elutable N. (3) Carbonization reduced the content of water-soluble P. Most P was insoluble in water but soluble in citric acid. Carbonization had little effect on water-soluble K. Increasing carbonization temperature increased the content of citric acid-soluble (water insoluble) K and citric acid–insoluble K. Key words: carbonization, cattle manure, solubility. Notes Can plants absorb and use high molecular soil organic nitrogen without its prior mineralization? Kae MIYAZAWA*1 and Tohru MURAYAMA*1 *1National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region, Cover crop research team (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 263-267, 2009) Preferential uptake of fermented-manure nitrogen over chemical fertilizer nitrogen by Komatsuna plants in pot culture Akira MATSUDA*1,2, Kyoko YAMAZAKI*1 and Toru MATOH*1 *1Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, *2Yamagata General Agricultural Research Center (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 268–270, 2009) Rapid determination of cadmium in brown rice by heating block digestion systems and ICP-MS Yasuhiro BABA*1 and Itsuo GOTO*1 *1Fac. Appl. Bio-Sci., Tokyo Univ. Agric. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 271–274, 2009) Rapid determination of nutrient concentrations in animal manure composts using the wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF) Teppei KOMIYAMA*1, Eiji FUJISAWA*1 and Hiromasa MORIKUNI*1 *1JA ZEN-NOH R&D Cent. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 275-279, 2009) Current Topics Efficiency of waste media compost include corncob of the main ingredient in mushroom culture Kazuyoshi YAMADA*1, Takayoshi UEHARA*1, Tatsuji SAITO*1,2, Kazuhiko KOMATSU*3,4 and Seishi YOSHIDA*5 *1Nagano Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Experimental Station, *2present address: Nagano Nanshin Agricultural Experiment Station, *3Nagano Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Experimental Station, *4present address: Nagano Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Experiment Station Saku Branch, *5Nagao Chushin Agricultural Experiment Station (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 280–284, 2009) Simplified analysis of soil nitrate nitrogen using soil water extract of saturated soil paste Masako TAKEBE*1,2, Keiki OKAZAKI*1, Norikuni OKA*1 and Tuyomi MIZUOCHI*3 *1National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, *2present address: National Agricultural Research Center, *3Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution KAIHATUHIRYOU CO.,LTD. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 285–287, 2009) Lecture The latest research works in pedology in Asian countries 2. Experiment on the replicated rice straw compost application on paddy field and remediation of degraded environment on acid sulfate soil in the Mekong Delta Takeshi WATANABE*1 and Hiroaki SUMIDA*2 *1Crop production and environmental division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, *2Faculty of agro-chemistry, Nihon Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 288–296, 2009) Review Speciation analysis of arsenic in rice and soil Koji BABA National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 297–303, 2009) Chemical forms of soil organic nitrogen Mihoko MORIIZUMI*1 and Toshiro MATSUNAGA*1 *1Research Team for Soil Management in Paddy-Upland Rotation Systems, National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 304-309, 2009) Miscellaneous Recent activities of the Science Council of Japan Masato KIMURA Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 310–311, 2009) Impression of the Soils 2008 Conference: Soil - the living skin of planet earth Yudzuru INOUE Center of Advanced Instrumental Analysis, Kyushu University (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 312–313, 2009)

Veterinary RecordVolume 172, Issue 21 p. 557-557 Research Mycoplasma species isolated from intramammary infection of Japanese dairy cows H. Higuchi DVM, PhD, Corresponding Author H. Higuchi DVM, PhD [email protected]...

We established a method for embryogenic callus induction and highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of a table grape cultivar 'Shine Muscat' (Vitis labruscana). Embryogenic calli were induced using flower bud filaments from a dormant cane. Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring the binary plasmid pBin19-sgfp, which contains the sgfp and nptII genes, was used to infect embryogenic calli. Infected calli were selected on 1/2 MS medium containing 5% maltose and 2% agar supplemented with 15 mg l-1 kanamycin. Efficiency of transformation of regenerated plants reached nearly 100% as determined by PCR and Southern blot analyses. The developed method will open a new avenue for genome editing of 'Shine Muscat' and contribute to the advancement of grape breeding.

sion="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> FP Functional Plant Biology Funct. Plant Biol. 1445-4408 1445-4416 CSIRO Publishing 36 Gardiner Road Clayton VIC 3168 Australia FP22050 10.1071/FP22050 Foreword Advanced technologies in studying plant photosynthesis: principles and applications A. Zavafer et al . https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8905-1618 Zavafer Alonso A Fan Dayong B * https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8150-9535 Murakami Keach C Handling Editor Shabala Sergey Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2001, Australia. Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan. College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry, University, Beijing 100083, China. * Correspondence to: Dayong Fan Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (HARC), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan Email: dayong73fan@163.com 9 May 2022 49 6 Special Issue i iii 9 May 2022 Published: 9 May 2022 © 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing 2022 The Authors The foreword to this special issue on the advanced technologies in studying photosynthesis focuses on the main contributions of Fred Chow, one of the key Australian scientists studying light reactions in plants.

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

'Yotsuboshi', a seed propagating type F1 hybrid strawberry cultivar adaptable for year-round production, was developed from the collaborative breeding program including four institutes of Mie, Kagawa and Chiba prefectures and National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) in Japan. The behavior of flower initiation is quite unique. 'otuboshi' exhibits stable extra earliness under natural condition with a lower temperature and shorter day-length, while it possesses the ever-bearing gene which results in the induction of flower initiation under long-day condition. Thus 'Yotsuboshi' is adaptable for year-round production including both forcing culture in autumn to spring and summer-autumn cultivation across Japan. 'Yotsuboshi' has several attractive traits such as a clear red fruit color, excellent fruit shape and size, high yielding ability, and superior taste with a high content of sugar and moderate acidity. The practical production system of F1 hybrid seeds and the DNA marker system for certifying the uniformity of seeds have already been established. The seeds and/or plug tray seedlings will be commercially provided from this summer for the member of the 'Research society for seed propagating type strawberries in Japan'.

The cold-hardiness of 15 grapevine cultivars was compared in mid-winter (January 2016). The level of cold-hardiness was determined by measuring electrolyte leakage at various freezing temperatures and was expressed as LT50, the temperature at which the incidence of injury reached 50%, and as Tmax, the temperature at which the rate of injury was maximal. The LT50 and Tmax values for the 15 grape cultivars ranged from -21.9±0.08°C to -38.3±0.13°C and from -12.1±0.05°C to -28.2±0.12°C, respectively. Tmax values were significantly positively correlated with LT50 values (r=0.90*, P≤0.01). On the basis of their levels of cold-hardiness in terms of LT50 values, the 15 grape cultivars were ranked in the following order: 'Saemaru' › 'Tano Red' › 'Jinok' › 'Shiny Star' › 'Campbell Early' › 'Italia' › 'Hongsodam' › 'Suok' › 'Heukgoosul' › 'Himrod' › 'Heukboseok' › 'Shine Muscat' › 'Kyoho' › 'Hongju Seedless' › 'Perlon'. Similarly, on the basis of their levels of cold-hardiness in terms of Tmax values, the 15 grape cultivars were ranked in the following order: 'Shiny Star' › 'Campbell Early' › 'Hongsodam' › 'Italia' › 'Heukgoosul' › 'Suok' › 'Saemaru' › 'Himrod' › 'Heukboseok' › 'Jinok' › 'Kyoho' › 'Shine Muscat' › 'Tano Red' › 'Hongju Seedless' › 'Perlon'. These results will be useful as practical information for breeding and cultivation of grapevines in Korea.

The first genome sequence of an interspecific grape hybrid (Vitis labruscana × Vitis vinifera), 'Shine Muscat', an elite table grape cultivar bred in Japan, is presented. The resultant genome assemblies included two types of sequences: a haplotype-phased sequence of the highly heterozygous genomes and an unphased sequence representing a 'pseudo-haploid' genome. The unphased sequences, assembled to the chromosome level with Hi-C reads, spanned 488.97 Mb in length, 99.1% of the estimated genome size, with 4,595 scaffold sequences and a 23.9-Mb N50 length. The phased sequences had 15,650 scaffolds spanning 1.0 Gb and a 4.2-Mb N50 length. 32,827 high-confidence genes were predicted on the unphased genomes. Clustering analysis of the 'Shine Muscat' gene sequences with three other Vitis species and Arabidopsis indicated that 11,279 orthologous gene clusters were common to Vitis spp. and Arabidopsis, 4,385 were Vitis specific, and 234 were 'Shine Muscat' specific. Whole-genome resequencing was also performed for the parental lines of 'Shine Muscat', Akitsu-21 and 'Hakunan', and parental-specific copy number variations were identified. The obtained genome resources provide new insights that could assist in cultivation and breeding strategies to produce high-quality table grapes.

Grape (Vitis sp.) is a popular fruit crop and host for a large number of viruses. So far, more than 70 different viruses have been identified from grapevines (Martelli 2014). Recently, grapevine geminivirus A (GGVA; family Geminiviridae) has been identified from two table grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars, Black Beet and Nagano Purple (Al Rwahnih et al. 2017). Moreover, GGVA has been identified from grapevines in China (Fan et al. 2017). In 2016, we collected five grapevine leaf samples from 16 individual plants representing 12 different cultivars. All 15 different grapevine plants were grown at the Grape Research Institute, Okcheon, Korea, and Shine Muscat (V. labruscana Bailey × V. vinifera) was obtained from a vineyard in Okcheon. Shine Muscat displayed leaf malformations, vein clearing, and yellowing, while the other cultivars did not display any observable disease symptoms. Sixteen different libraries for RNA sequencing without pooling were prepared and subjected to paired-end sequencing (2 × 100 bp) using Illumina’s HiSeq 2000 followed by bioinformatics analyses, as described previously (Jo et al. 2016). Of 16 plants, 27 GGVA-associated contigs were identified from eight plants representing six cultivars: 188-08 (V. monticola × V. riparia) (two plants), Shine Muscat (two plants), Jaok (Vitis hybrid), Jungrang (Vitis hybrid), Jarang (V. vinifera), and Cabernet Sauvignon (V. vinifera). The numbers of reads associated with GGVA were 67 (188-08, #1 plant), 146 (188-08, #2 plant), 36 (Cabernet Sauvignon), 296 (Jaok), 118 (Jarang), 492 (Jungrang), 419 (Shine Muscat, #1 plant), and 171 (Shine Muscat, #2 plant). To confirm the results of RNA sequencing, we obtained five GGVA complete genome sequences (GenBank MF163261–65) from five cultivars by PCR using two abutting primer pairs (GGVAv950/GGVAc961 and GGVAv1402/GGVAc1438) and recovered the full GGVA genome, which was followed by Sanger sequencing (Al Rwahnih et al. 2017). The GGVA isolates 188-08 and Jaok shared 99% identity with isolate Tamar (KX618694.1), while isolates Cabernet Sauvignon, Jarang, and Shine Muscat shared 99% identity with known GGVA isolates: Koshu Sanjaku (KX570617.1), Scolokertek Kiralynoje (KX570618.1), and Black Beet (KX570609.1), respectively. The possible presence of GGVA in the other eight plants representing six cultivars—Okrang (Vitis hybrid), Campbell Early (V. labruscana), Chungporang (Vitis hybrid), Alicante Bouschet (V. vinifera), Cabernet franc (V. vinifera), and Chardonnay (V. vinifera)—was tested by PCR. PCR was conducted for 16 plants using GGVA-specific primers for amplifying the coat protein region of 414 bp in size, GGVA-1370F1 5′-TGTAAAGAGATCAGCCCAAATGTTTTC-3′ (position 1,370 to 1,396), and GGVA-1783R1 5′-ATGCAATTTTCGTCTCCCTGCA-3′ (position 1,783 to 1,762) based on the GGVA reference genome (NC_031340.1). The PCR results demonstrated that all 16 plants were infected by GGVA, while RNA sequencing revealed the presence of GGVA in eight plants. Although a previous study reported a low rate of GGVA infection in the U.S.A. (Al Rwahnih et al. 2017), a previous study showed that GGVA was widely present in grapevines in China (Fan et al. 2017). Our results demonstrated that GGV can infect diverse Vitis spp., including V. labruscana and other Vitis hybrids, and the genome sequences of five GGVA isolates were highly conserved. Taken together, this is the first report of GGVA infecting diverse Vitis spp. in Korea.

Shine muscat is a Vitis vinifera hybrid (Akitsu-21 × Hakunan), that has emerged as a popular table grape cultivar in China. In recent years, shine muscat has been widely cultivated with 66,667 ha being cultivated in 2021. In November 2021, symptoms of fruit spot were observed on shine muscat during the storage at 0~3℃ and 85%~90% RH, while stored at National Agricultural Product Preservation Engineering Technology Research Center, in Tianjin (N 116°20', E 39°09'), China. The incidence of this disease was about 35%. Affected grape berries initially had small brown spots. The spots on the fruit expanded to an ellipse or circular sunken area with a black center. The central peel of the diseased spots were ruptured and collapsed. The diseased fruits eventually fell off the vine. To isolate the pathogen, grape peels with typical symptoms were cut into small pieces, sterilized with 75% ethanol for 45-sec, rinsed with sterilized distilled water three times, and then transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium.The plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark. After 10 days, 26 single spore isolates with similar morphology were obtained from 30 symptomatic grape berries. Fungal colonies were grayish brown, with abundant conidia on the obverse-side on PDA. Conidiophores were cylindrical, straight with unbranched, solitary or clustered, elongation at the tip and ranged in size from 3.2-6.8 × 35.6-150.9 µm (n=50). Conidia were grew in chains, ovoid, aseptate, and 2.2-6.0 × 8.3-16.8 µm (n=50). The morphological characteristics were consistent with Cladosporium allicinum (Bensch et al. 2012). Molecular data were also used to support the microscopic identification by extracting genomic DNA from 26 isolates using a Plant Genomic DNA kit (Tiangen, China). Amplicons were generated for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha(tef1-α), and actin (act) using the following primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/ EF1-986R and ACT-512F/ ACT-783R, respectively (Bensch et al. 2012). Blast analysis showed that three amplified fragments of 26 isolates were highly similar to C. allicinum, with 98.96~100% sequence identity with Cladosporium allicinum accessions in GenBank (ITS, OK661041; tef1-α, MF473332; act, LN834537). Three amplified fragments of representative isolate YG03 were deposited in GenBank with accession nos. OP799670 for ITS, OP888001 for tef1-α and OP887999 for act, respectively. Neighbor-joining trees based on concatenated sequences of three genes were constructed using MEGA5.2. The results showed that the strain YG03 from shine muscat was closely related to C. allicinum. Pathogenicity tests of 26 isolates were performed on healthy shine muscat berries using pin pricks and a humidor. In each wound, 5 μL of conidial suspension (1×106 conidia/mL) and sterile distilled water were inoculated on 30 berries, and maintained in a dark incubator at 25°C, 90% relative humidity. Each treatment was repeated twice. After 10 days, the wounded berries inoculated with the spore suspension showed dark brown spots, similar to the original diseased fruits, while no symptoms were observed on the control treament. Pathogen re-isolated from inoculated fruits were identical to the original strains on colony and microscopic morphology, and identified to Cladosporium allicinum based on act gene by molecular method, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. C.allicinum has been reported causing leaf spot on 11 host plants around the world (Bensch et al. 2012, 2015; Quaedvlieg et al. 2014; Jurisoo et al. 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. allicinum causing black spot on fruit of Vitis vinifera worldwide. The identification of this disease could establish a foundation for developing management strategies to reduce losses in storage period.

The Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center is one of the regional agricultural research and development centers of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) in Japan. The center aims to bring NARO’s agricultural technologies to the forefront of agriculture.

GM silkworms make super-silk

JSSSPN Awards Identification and functional characterization of plant transporters for essential minor mineral nutrients Toru FUJIWARA The University of Tokyo Biotechnology Research Center (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 443–445, 2009) Studies on greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils Kazuyuki YAGI Carbon Nitrogen Cycling Div., National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 446–449, 2009) Studies on the significance of plasma membrane lipid layers within root-tip portion in aluminum tolerance of plants Tadao WAGATSUMA Yamagata University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Bioresource Engineering (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 450–453, 2009) JSSPN Technological Advancement Awards Development of practical valuation method of properties on animal waste composts and its application Wataru OYANAGI Niigata Agricultural Research Institute Livestock Research Center (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 454–457, 2009) JSSSPN Progress Awards Iron and zinc transporters in rice Yasuhiro ISHIMARU Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 458–459, 2009) Creation of Eco-Balance model to evaluate and optimize nitrogen cycle in regional scales Sonoko Dorothea KIMURA Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Graduate School of Agriculture (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 460–461, 2009) Life cycle inventory-based analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems Nobuhisa KOGA National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 462–463, 2009) Monitoring and modeling of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emission from soil ecosystems Takuji SAWAMOTO Rakuno Gakuen University (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 464–465, 2009) Soil fertilizer research on preventive technologies for clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora Brassicae Keiichi MURAKAMI Mie Prefecture Agricultural Research Institute (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 466–468, 2009) Original Papers Effects of herbicides, glyphosate, on density and casting activity of earthworm, Pheretima (Amynthas) carnosus Satoshi KANEDA*1,2, Seigo OKANO*1, Yasuhumi URASHIMA*1, Toshihumi MURAKAMI*1 and Miyuki NAKAJIMA*1 *1Tohoku Agic. Res. Cent., *2present address: Natl. Inst. Agro-Environ. Sci. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 469–476, 2009) Effects of an herbicide, commercial formulation of glyphosate (Roundup), on earthworm cast production on the surface in no-tillage field were investigated by using field and pot experiments. Direct impacts of the herbicide on earthworm mortality, growth and behavior were examined in pot experiment. In field experiments, effects of the herbicide on earthworm density, earthworm casting activity and soil moisture, and effects of litter removing after an application of herbicide on earthworm casting activities. Three treatments, glyphosate application on fall, application on spring, and no application, were set up in no-till field for the experiment, herbicide impacts on earthworm activity and behavior. Separately three treatments, litter removal treatment after herbicide application, just herbicide application and control, were set up for the experiment, litter removal impact on casting activity. No herbicide impacts on earthworm density were observed, and only one species, Pheretima (Amynthas) carnosus was dominated (95%) in the experiment field. There was no effect of applying herbicide on growth, mortality and behavior of the dominated earthworm in the pot experiment. Herbicide application induced not only increasing earthworm casting activity in spring (P < 0.05) and also decreasing the activity in summer (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the soil temperature and the soil moisture were important factors for the earthworm cast production rate (P < 0.01). Importance of surface litter for the casting activity was observed (P < 0.05). This earthworm species produced around 3 kg m−2 per year in no-till system. From these results, the herbicide did not have direct harmful impacts on the earthworm, but would effect on earthworm casting activity through variation of environmental factors, such as litter amount, soil temperature, and soil moisture. Key words: cast production, herbicide, no-tillage, Pheretima (Amynthas) carnosus, soil temperature and moisture. Effects of drip fertigation on yield and quality of leaf vegetables, and on efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in outdoor plant culture Toshihiro UETA*1, Tomoko IKEBA*1, Dong-Hyuk AHN*1, Kazuhisa KATO*1,2, Takashi KAWANO*1,3 and Eiichi MATSUMOTO*1 *1Ibaraki Pref. Agric. Inst. Hort. Cent., present addresses: *2Grad. Sch. Life Environ. Sci. Univ. Tsukuba., *3Ibaraki Pref. Agric. Mt. Agric. Res. Stn. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 477–486, 2009) The effects of drip fertigation were examined by analyzing the yield and quality of leaf vegetables, and assessing the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilization in outdoor plant culture in experimental and farmer fields using water from the Kasumigaura irrigation system. (1) Compared with the results from conventional cultivation, yield of spring Chinese cabbage increased with drip fertigation, even when the N application rate was reduced by 25% from that used in conventional culture. The plant N recovery rate increased by 30% and the rate of N leaching into subsoil was reduced in comparison with the levels in conventional cultivation. In addition, yield and quality of autumn lettuce were maintained, even when the N application rate was reduced by 47% from that used in conventional cultivation. The daily supply of a fixed amount of nutrient solution via the fertigation system, maintained soil moisture at levels greater than those in conventional cultivation; however, small variations were observed. (2) By stopping drip fertigation 7 days before harvest, nitrate ion concentrations in spring Chinese cabbage were reduced, while vitamin C and sugar concentrations were increased, suggesting improvements in the quality of the plants’ edible parts. The effects of drip fertigation on yield and quality of lettuce were verified by using a fertigation system in a farmer's field. The rate of N utilization by the farmed plants under drip fertigation was twice that under conventional cultivation. Key words: drip fertigation, efficiency of fertilizer application, Kasumigaura irrigation system, outdoor cultured vegetables, nitrate ion. Comparison of low P tolerant leguminous plants using akadama soil, and effect of root development on low P tolerance of Sesbania cannabina Makoto KITOU*1,2, Hiroyuki MATUOKA*1, Yoko KONNDO*1 and Naotsugu UCHIDA*1 *1Fac. Agric., Kobe Univ., *2Fac. Agric., Ryukyu Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 487–493, 2009) Crop production in widely distributed acid soil in tropical and subtropical region is challenged due to less availability of some essential plant nutrients. Soil phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major limiting factor to increase crop production in acid soils where most of the P is bound into forms unavailable to plants. Therefore, selection and utilization of low phosphorus tolerant plants is worthwhile investment. Consequently, an investigation was undertaken to assess the low P tolerance potential of leguminous plants using akadama soil where P is bound with Aluminum. Four phosphate absorption coefficient (PAC) levels (0%, 1%, 5% and 10%) were maintained using phosphate fertilizer in akadama soil to study the plant growth parameters of four leguminous plants (Cajanus cajan, Glycine max, Cassia tora and Sesbania cannabina). Relative growth parameters of C. cajan and S. cannabina showed high P tolerance in comparison with G. max and C. tora. In addition, the amount of plant growth response to low P tolerance cultivated under 0% PAC in akadama soil was not be able to evaluate due to the initial P content in the seed when planting, which was responsible for the growth showed under cultivated in absence of phosphate fertilizer. The root length of S. cannabina under low P condition (1% PAC) was two times longer than that of the G. max. It can be suggested that the root system development in S. cannabina and its related P absorption ability may be closely associated with low P tolerance. Further detailed investigations should be carried out to understand the low P tolerance of S. cannabina, and its utilization as a green manure legume to improve acid soil properties. Key words: akadama soil, low P tolerance, P nutrition, root length, Sesbania. The fate of nitrogen derived from 15N-labeled cattle manure compost and ammonium fertilizer in sandy soil monolith lysimeters for 2.5 years Hirotaka IHARA*1, Morihiro MAEDA*1,2, Shigeru TAKAHASHI*1, Michio KOMADA*1 and Takeshi OTA*1 *1Natl. Agric. Res. Cent., *2present Address: Okayama Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 494–501, 2009) Nitrogen leaching, uptake, and accumulation in the soil were examined by using 15N tracer techniques in sandy soil monolith lysimeters (1 m in depth) receiving ammonium sulfate fertilizer (AF) or cattle manure compost (CM) for 2.5 years. The combinational application treatments of AF and CM were also included to examine the mutual effect of the materials on the fate of nitrogen. For the first crop, Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis), the AF labeled with 15N (F), 15N-labeled AF and unlabeled CM (Fc), 15N-labeled CM (C), or 15N-labeled CM and unlabeled AF (Cf) were applied on each monolith lysimeter at a rate of 15 g m−2 for each material. Unlabeled materials were used for all treatments in the later four crops, corn (Zea mays), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) for 2 years. The following results were obtained: (1) Leaching, uptake, and accumulation of the nitrogen derived from labeled materials were, 6.5, 5.5, 1.6 g m−2 in F, 6.0, 4.4, 2.5 g m−2 in Fc, 2.1, 0.6, 10.2 g m−2 in C, 2.2, 1.0, 10.0 g m−2 in Cf treatments. (2) The cumulative amount of leaching plus uptake of the nitrogen derived from labeled materials was lower in the Fc treatment than in the F treatment in the 1st year, whereas it was higher in the Fc treatment than in the F treatment in the later years. These results suggest that, co-application of the AF and CM increased immobilization of nitrogen derived from AF in the 1st year and that it also increased re-mineralization in the later period. (3) The cumulative amount of leaching plus uptake of the nitrogen derived from labeled materials was higher in the Cf treatment than in the C treatment in the 1st year. On the other hand, it was lower in the Cf treatment than in the C treatment in the later. These results suggest that co-application of AF and CM accelerated the decomposition of labeled CM in the 1st year, but caused the decrease of labeled CM decomposition in the later period. Key words: cattle manure compost, leaching, monolith lysimeter, 15N, vegetable field soil. Notes Digital soil map of Japanese croplands in 1992 Yusuke TAKATA, Makoto NAKAI and Hiroshi OBARA National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 502–505, 2009) Application effects of cattle feces/marine waste mixture composts and sludge composts on cadmium contents of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in Northern Hokkaido, Japan Akihiro FURUDATE*1 and Yuuichi OTOBE*1,2 *1Hokkaido Prefectural Tenpoku Agricultural Experiment Station, *2present address: Hokkaido Prefectural Dohnan Agricultural Experiment Station (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 506–510, 2009) Accumulation of soil organic carbon and changes in soil properties with no-tillage practice Kazuki TOGAMI*1,2, Makoto NAKAI*1 and Seiichiro YONEMURA*1*1National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, *2present address: National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 511–515, 2009) The influence of soil available phosphorus level on nutrient uptake of tomatoes in isolated bed culture Teppei KOMIYAMA*1, Eiji FUJISAWA*1, Seiichi NIIZUMA*1, Masahiko KATO*1 and Hiromasa MORIKUNI*1 *1JA ZEN-NOH R&D Cent. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 516–521, 2009) Micromorphological observation of pelletized cattle compost using thin sections Hideo KUBOTERA, Tsuyoshi YAMANE, Yasuyuki WAKIYAMA and Yusuke ARAKAWA National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 522–525, 2009) Current Topics Estimation of nitrogen fertilizer requirement of leaf vegetables based on soil nitrate content after reductive soil disinfection Masahiro OKAMOTO*1,2, Hidetoshi UEKUSA*2 and Kisei ITO*3 *1Kanagawa Prefect. Agric. Res. Inst., *2Kanagawa Agric. Tech. Cent., *3Comprehensive Policy Division of Kanagawa Prefect. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 526–529, 2009) Application standard of lime-treated sewage sludge compost for paddy rice in Hokkaido Yoichi SUGIKAWA*1,2, Eiji GOTO*1 and Daiji ASAKA*1 *1Hokkaido Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Iwamizawa Branch, *2present address: Hokkaido Central Agricultural Experiment Station (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 530–533, 2009) Nutritional management and diagnostic technique of nitrogen for culturing summer-autumn harvest strawberry on the bench system Yuji HIKASA*1,2, Tomo OOMIYA*1,3, Eiji FUKUKAWA*1,3 and Haruhiko NAKAZUMI*1,2 *1Hokkaido Prefectural Dohnan Agricultural Experiment Station, *2present address: Hokkaido Central Agricultural Experiment Station, *3present address: Hokkaido Ornamental Plants and Vegetables Research Center (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 534–537, 2009) Lecture Recent progresses in the analytical methods of humic substances. 2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Tomonori ABE Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 538–544, 2009) Miscellaneous Maintenance method for restoring paddy fields damaged by the Noto hanto earthquake Keiu KITADA Ishikawa Agriculture Research Center (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 545–548, 2009) 7th International Symposium on Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH (PSILPH), Guangzhou, China, May, 2009 Mitsuru ABO*,1 and Kazuyuki INUBUSHI*,2 *1Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo *2Graduate school of Horticulture, Chiba Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 549–550, 2009) Abstracts of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 55, No. 4 (2009) (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 551–555, 2009) News (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 556–558, 2009) Book Reviews (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 559–560, 2009)