Abstract
Currently, Cambodia does not have sustainable city indicators, and green and clean city indicators are also limited compared to UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) indicators. Therefore, this research aims to develop sustainable city indicators for Cambodia and to address the questions “Are the green and clean city indicators limited in terms of sustainability?” and “Are the UN SDG 11 indicators suitable for Cambodia?” Delphi processes of panel surveys were conducted to develop the indicators in Round 1, pre-validate the indicators in Round 2, and validate the indicators in Round 3. The results showed that 69 initial indicators were obtained from Round 1; 41 pre-validated indicators were obtained from Round 2; and finally, 32 validated indicators were obtained from Round 3. All of the 32 indicators reached consensus. Based on the consensus indicators, the green and clean city indicators were found to be limited in terms of sustainability, and the UN SDG 11 has nine indicators suitable for Cambodia. These findings could be useful for applying the UN SDG 11 indicators to Cambodia and transforming the green and clean city indicators to sustainable city indicators. The 32 consensus indicators could be used as alternative sustainable city indicators for Cambodia.
Highlights
Following global trends on low-carbon development, Cambodia produced the national green growth roadmap in 2009 to suggest the win-win-win situations between the economy, environment, and society in order to achieve stable economic growth, environmental sustainability, and human well-being [1,2]
With the new agenda on sustainable development goals of the United Nations (UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)), Cambodia established the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) in 2015 by combining the National Council on Green Growth (NCGG) with other relevant institutions to promote the sustainable development in Cambodia [8]
Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is an umbrella term to describe a collection of formal approaches that take account of multiple criteria in helping individuals or groups explore decisions that matter
Summary
Following global trends on low-carbon development, Cambodia produced the national green growth roadmap in 2009 (published in 2010) to suggest the win-win-win situations between the economy, environment, and society in order to achieve stable economic growth, environmental sustainability, and human well-being [1,2]. In 2012, Cambodia, after signing the agreement to establish the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) as an international organization (headquarters in Seoul) with fifteen other founding member countries at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Brazil [3,4], established the National Council on Green Growth (NCGG) to coordinate the low-carbon development of the country [5]. In 2013, the government approved the national policy and national strategic plan on green growth 2013–2030 to promote sustainable long-term economic, environmental, and social development in Cambodia [6,7]. The goal is to develop cities to be clean, green, and competitive while offering a safe and quality lifestyle to its residents [9,16,17]
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