Developing Students' Creativity and Promoting Achievement by Using Peer-Tutoring as a Strategy for Teaching School Geometry in Taraba State, Nigeria

Hypothesis Testing

The main purpose of the study was to explore the pedagogical skills needs of motor vehicle mechanics work teachers for effective content delivery in government science and technical colleges in Adamawa and Taraba States. The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. The study was conducted in Adamawa and Taraba States using descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was 123 respondents comprising 81 MVMW teachers and 42 instructors from all the 21 BEST Centres and Government Science and Technical colleges in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria. There was no sampling as the entire population was used because it was manageable. A structured questionnaire tagged: Pedagogical Skills Needs of Motor Vehicle Mechanics Works Teachers Questionnaire (PSNMVMWTQ) consisting of 30 items was validated by three experts. The Instrument was trial tested in Gombe State and the Cronbach Alpha reliability method was used to test the reliability of the instrument and a 0.84 reliability coefficient was obtained. Data collected for the study was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. Mean statistics was used to answer the two research questions while a t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that pedagogical skills needed include stimulating critical thinking, designing effective evaluation procedures, and implementing appropriate instruction. Similarly, affective skills were deemed needed including effective communication, active listening, and conflict resolution. Importantly, there were no significant differences between instructors and MVMW teachers regarding the perceived importance of these skills. It is recommended that Given the identified pedagogical skills needs of motor vehicle mechanics work (MVMW) teachers, Ministries of Education should design and implement targeted training programs focusing on instructional goal identification, task analysis, instructional design, questioning techniques, and evaluation procedures.

This study assessed the measures in resolving incessant herdsmen-arable crop farmers’ conflicts on rural and agricultural development among farmers in Plateau and Taraba States, Nigeria. The population of this study consisted of arable crop farmers in Taraba and Plateau States. Stratified, purposive, and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 252 respondents as the sample size. Data for the study were collected from primary sources with the use of structured questionnaires and were analyzed with the use of inferential statistics such as Kruskal-Wallis. The Kruskal-Wallis (H) test revealed that there was a significant difference (P>0.05) between Plateau and Taraba States in terms of H. Cal. (27.5) > X2 Tab (11.1) at 0.05 level of probability, hence the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. It was concluded that each State put in place different measures in resolving incessant herdsmen-arable crop farmers’ conflicts on rural and agricultural development. In Plateau State, the adoption of ranching (69), anti-open grazing law (68), government intervention (66), payment of compensation to farmers (62), and educating parties involved (60). In Taraba State, it was found that anti-open grazing law (77), respect for culture and tradition (75.5), adoption of ranching (75.5), personal intervention with village heads and heads of herdsmen (73), dialogue with the parties involved (73) were the most serious measures needed to put in place to resolving herdsmen-arable crop farmers’ conflicts. The study, therefore, recommended that there should be good government policy on open grazing, there should be control of the immigration of foreign Fulanis into Nigeria, ranching should be encouraged, and the Land Use Act policy should be fully implemented.

The study was on teachers and students’ perception on the impact of reference group and school location on academic achievement of secondary financial accounting in Taraba State. The study had three objectives, three research questions and three null hypotheses. Descriptive survey was used as a design. The population of the study consisted of 8456. Out of these population a sample of 426 were selected. These sample comprises of 63 financial accounting teachers and 364 financial accounting students respectively. Structured questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used while inferential statistics of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also used. The benchmark of 3.0 was used to agree or disagree with the mean response of the respondent While all the null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level significance. The finding of the study revealed that teachers and students believed that reference group and school location had a positive impact on academic achievement of secondary financial accounting students in Taraba State. on line learning activities. The study therefore, concluded reference group and school location had a positive impact on academic achievement of secondary financial accounting students in Taraba State. Based on this, the study recommended that Parent teachers association (PTA) should conduct a regular public awareness on the role of family in the education of their wards and also school administrators and teachers should observe the behaviors of their students in the class as they form their various peer group.

The main purpose of the study was to determine the proficiency skills needed by teachers for optimal performances in motor vehicle mechanics work in technical colleges in Adamawa and Taraba States. The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. The study which adopted descriptive survey research design was conducted in Adamawa and Taraba States. The population of the study was 123 respondents comprising 81 MVMW teachers and 42 instructors from all the 21 BEST Centres and Government Science and Technical colleges in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria. There was no sampling as the entire population was used because it was manageable. A structured questionnaire tagged: Proficiency Skills Needs of Motor Vehicle Mechanics Works Teachers Questionnaire (PSNMVMWTQ) was validated by three experts. The Instrument was trial tested in Gombe State and the Cronbach Alpha reliability method was used to test the reliability of the instrument and a 0.84 reliability coefficient was obtained. Data collected for the study was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. Mean statistics was used to answer the two research questions while a t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that 35 technical skills were considered needed by MVMW teachers. Similarly, 25 ICT skills were considered as ‘needed’. Importantly, there were no significant differences between instructors and MVMW teachers regarding the perceived importance of these skills. It is recommended that to address the technical skills gaps identified, particularly in the use of diagnostic tools and performing necessary repairs, it is recommended that the Technical College Management Board should organize workshops and practical training sessions. These initiatives should emphasize hands-on experience with diagnostic equipment, connecting tools appropriately, and interpreting trouble codes.

The main purpose of the study is to determine strategies for management of business education programme in colleges of education in Adamawa and Taraba States. The study which adopted a descriptive survey research design was conducted in northeast Nigeria and had three research questions and three null hypotheses. The study population consisted of 84 participants, including 71 lecturers and 13 administrative staff from the three selected colleges. Given the manageable size of the population, census sampling technique was applied. A structured questionnaire developed by the researcher titled: " Strategies for Management of Business Education Programme Questionnaire (SMBEPQ)" was used as instrument for data collection. The instrument was validated by experts and a reliability index of 0.89 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha. Mean statistic was used to answer the research questions while Anova was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that there were no differences in the mean scores of the respondents as regard to their opinion on strategies of staff recruitment for management of business education programme in colleges of education in Adamawa and Taraba States: it further revealed that both Lecturers and management staff strongly agreed that strategic staff training and development programme are effective for management of business education programme in colleges of education in Adamawa and Taraba States. Based on the findings, the study recommended that Government, at both state and federal levels, should implement a strategic approach to staff recruiting for the advancement of business education programs in Colleges of Education; Stakeholders/Management Board to formulate a strategic training and development program for Business Education lecturers to enhance instructional delivery in Colleges of Education.

Objective: This research investigates the role of Local Government administrators in the development of football in Taraba State, Nigeria. The study aims to explore the contributions of local governments to football development, identify the factors hindering its progress, examine the relationship between local government administration and football development, and evaluate the standards of football facilities in the local government areas of Taraba State. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework is based on the concept of grassroots sports development, emphasizing the role of local governance in promoting sustainable sports growth. Literature Review: A review of the literature highlights a significant gap in the attention given to football development in rural areas of Nigeria, with existing studies primarily focusing on national-level football advancement. This neglect has adversely affected the growth of the sport in hinterlands such as Taraba State. Methods: The research adopts a descriptive survey design using an ex post facto approach. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire targeting local football players, coaches, teams, and officiating officials in Taraba State. A purposive sampling technique was employed, and a sample size of 300 respondents was selected. Data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, frequency, percentages, and a one-sample t-test at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: The findings reveal a lack of adequate involvement of local government administrators in football development, poor standards of football facilities, and several factors impeding growth, such as inadequate funding, lack of infrastructure, and insufficient training programs. The results underscore the critical relationship between effective local governance and grassroots sports development. Implications: This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the importance of local government intervention in fostering sports development at the grassroots level. It calls for strategic investments, policy formulation, and active collaboration between stakeholders to revitalize football in Taraba State. Novelty: The novelty of this research lies in its focus on the intersection of local governance and rural football development.

The effects of indigenous counselling therapy on mental, moral, and physical health of internally displaced persons based on gender in Taraba State, Nigeria, was examined in this study. In accordance with the research question and hypothesis, one objective was formulated. Pretest-posttest was used in a quasi-experimental design. There were 67,032 internally displaced people (IDPs) in Taraba State, Nigeria, who made up the study's population. Purposive sampling was used to choose 60 IDPs with mental, moral, and physical health concerns for the research. The Mental, Moral, and Physical Health Questionnaire (MMPHQ), which has a reliability value of 0.94, is the instrument used to gather data. The instrument was administered during the pretest and posttest in order to gather data. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation, whereas hypothesis, was tested using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at the 0.05 level of significance. The study concludes that Both male and female IDPs may benefit equally from these treatments, as evidenced by the lack of discernible gender disparities in their efficacy. Thus, Gender difference does not significantly influence the effect of indigenous counselling therapy on mental, moral and physical health of internally displaced persons in Taraba State, Nigeria. The results showed that indigenous counselling therapy had no discernible effect on the mental, moral, or physical health of IDPs according to their gender. Among other things, the study suggested that Counsellors should adapt indigenous counselling approaches to address gender-specific needs and challenges, ensuring inclusiveness in therapeutic delivery.

This study investigated the effect of blended and spaced learning strategies on SS II students’ metacognition in reading comprehension in Jalingo Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. The study was guided by two research questions while two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The research design was true-experimental design with randomized pre-test, post-test. A sample of 80 students were selected and used for the study. Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS) was used for data collection. The instrument yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.84. There were four groups in the study (three experimental groups and one control group) the experimental groups were taught reading using the computers while the control was taught using the conventional method. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while inferential statistics of t-test was used to test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed a significant difference in the mean metacognition of students taught reading comprehension using blended and spaced learning and conventional learning strategies (t = 7.391 at df = 38; p = 0.000 < 0.05). The study concludes that blended and spaced learning strategies are effective teaching tool when integrated into classrooms for teaching of reading. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that teachers of English language should consider adopting the use of blended and spaced learning strategies in other to improve students’ metacognition in reading comprehension.

In most biomedical research, investigators hypothesize about the relationships of various factors, collect data to test those relationships, and try to draw conclusions about those relationships from the data collected. In many cases, investigators test relationships by comparing the average level of a factor between 2 groups or between 1 group and a standard reference. This framework is as true for understanding the basic role of cardiac myosin binding protein-C phosphorylation in cardiac physiology1 as it is for evaluating non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as a predictor of myocardial infarction in large groups of individuals.2 In this article we describe hypothesis testing, which is the process of drawing conclusions on the basis of statistical testing of collected data, and the specific approach used to test means (or average levels of a collected data element). These concepts are covered in detail in many statistical textbooks at various levels, including Pagano and Gauvreau,3 Zar,4 and Kleinbaum et al.5 The purpose of statistical inference is to draw conclusions about a population on the basis of data obtained from a sample of that population. Hypothesis testing is the process used to evaluate the strength of evidence from the sample and provides a framework for making determinations related to the population, ie, it provides a method for understanding how reliably one can extrapolate observed findings in a sample under study to the larger population from which the sample was drawn. The investigator formulates a specific hypothesis, evaluates data from the sample, and uses these data to decide whether they support the specific hypothesis. The first step in testing hypotheses is the transformation of the research question into a null hypothesis, H, and an alternative hypothesis, HA.6 The null and alternative hypotheses are concise statements, usually in …

Hypothesis tests

The study investigated the influence of group counselling programmes on the vocational choice of secondary school students in Jalingo Education Zone, Taraba state, Nigeria. The design of the study was descriptive survey. The population consist of 3,485 Students from 41 secondary schools in Jalingo education zone. The sample size of the study was 480 respondents from 12 public secondary schools in Jalingo education zone. The researcher’s self-developed questionnaire formed the instruments for data collection, validated by three experts from the department of educational foundations in Taraba State University. A Cronbach Alpha reliability of co-efficient method was employed to ensure the reliability of the instrument at 0.768. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were used to guide the study. Descriptive statistic of mean score was used to answer the research questions. Chi square (Χ2) inferential statistics was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. A checklist of 53 different vocations and 21-items questionnaire in four Likert point scale with demographic variables of the respondents was used for data collection. The study recommends that government should give group counselling priority, train more professional counsellors; counsellors and principals should give students adequate attention and should create more awareness and provide accurate information to students on group counselling to facilitate their vocational choice irrespective of their age and gender.

The study investigated the risky sexual behaviours associated with accident causation among commercial vehicle drivers in Jalingo Metropolitan, Taraba State. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population was 2,000 commercial vehicle drivers registered with National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) proportional sampling technique was used to sample 160 commercial vehicle drivers. Out of 160 copies of the questionnaire administered, 148 copies of questionnaires were returned for data analysis. The null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Risky sexual behaviours are detrimental to wellbeing (× ̅ = 3.43, SD = .54), followed by, long distances increase vulnerability to risky sexual behaviour among drivers (× ̅ = 3.38, SD = .55), ogling and romancing while driving promote distractions among drivers (× ̅ = 3.32, SD = .52) while, it makes driver vulnerable to sexual infections (× ̅ = 3.30, SD = .55) and the least score of (× ̅ = 3.26, SD = .50) was by, risky sexual behaviour causes loss of attention among drivers.

The study investigated the risk behaviours on road traffic accident among commercial vehicle drivers in Jalingo Metropolitan, Taraba State. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population was 2,000 commercial vehicle drivers registered with National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) proportional sampling technique was used to sample 160 commercial vehicle drivers. Out of 160 copies of the questionnaire administered, 148 copies of questionnaires were returned for data analysis. The null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the study recommend that Government and other relevant agencies such as National Road Safety Corps, vehicle inspection officers (VIO) should organize periodic workshop/ enlightenment programme in order to educate commercial vehicle drivers on the behaviours that predispose them to road accidents. Also commercial vehicle park owners should not only employ qualified drivers, but as well ensure that their drivers do not indulge in risky behaviour that are capable of causing road accident. Finally commercial vehicle drivers caught engaging in risk behaviour while on duty should be severely punished in order to deter others from the acts.

This study was on identification of job skills in Aloe Vera production for income diversification among farmers in Taraba State. Specific objectives for the study were to: identify the skills in pre-planting operations for Aloe Vera production, determine the skills in planting operations for Aloe Vera production, identify the skills in post-planting operationsfor Aloe Vera production, determine the skills in harvesting operations for Aloe Vera production in Taraba State.Four research questions were raised and answered; four hypotheses were formulated and tested at P≤0.05 level of significance. The design for the study was survey research design. The population for the study was 401 respondentsconsisting of 285 registered farmers in Taraba State and 116 Agricultural Extension Agents in Taraba State. A structured questionnaire titled: Aloe Vera Production Skills Questionnaire (APSQ) was used for data collection. Mean was used to answer the research questions, while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at P≤0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that: 15 skills in pre planting of Aloe Vera, seven skills in planting of Aloe Vera, five skills in post planting of Aloe Vera and6 skills in harvesting operations in Aloe Vera production. It was therefore recommended that the 35 job skills identified by this study be packed into a training manual and used for training farmers for income diversification in Taraba State.