Abstract
Cultural heritage plays a fundamental role in preserving the collective memory of a nation. However, it is noted that many historical buildings suffer from serious deformation that may lead to deterioration or loss. In this paper, we propose an approach for documentation and deformation assessment of historical buildings based on the combination of Terrestrial Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR) technology and Building Information Models (BIM). In order to digitally archive the current state of a historical building, classical surveying techniques (Traversing, Levelling and GPS) are integrated with Terrestrial Laser scanner (TLS). A Leica Scan Station C10 is used to accomplish the 3D point cloud acquisition. In addition, Leica GNSS Viva GS15 receivers, a Leica Total Station TCR 1201+ and a Leica Runner 24 are used for classical surveying. The result is a 3D point cloud with high resolution, which is referenced according to the local geodetic reference system Ain el Abd UTM 37N. This point cloud is then used to create a 3D BIM that represents the ideal condition of the building. This BIM also contains some important architectural components of the historical building. To detect and assess the deformation of building’s parts that require an urgent intervention, a comparison between the 3D point cloud and the 3D BIM is performed. To achieve this goal, the main parts of the building in the BIM model (such as ceilings and walls) are compared with the corresponding segments of the 3D point cloud according to the normal vectors of each part. A case study that corresponds to a historical building in Jeddah Historical City named ’Robat Banajah’ is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. This building was built to serve pilgrims that want to perform the fifth pillar of Islam. Then, it was endowed (waqf) as a charity housing for widows and disabled. The results of assessing deformations of the case study show that some rooms are in a degraded condition requiring urgent restoration (distortions reach up to 22 cm), while other building parts are in a non-critical condition.
Highlights
Jeddah city is located on the Red Sea coastline, in the west side of Al Hijaz region
This study aims to develop an approach for documenting historical buildings and measuring their deformation by combing Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR) (Light Detecting and Ranging) technology and Building Information Models (BIM) (Building Information Modeling)
Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) and Terrestrial LiDAR offer the possibility to acquire a very dense 3D point cloud that may be used in the process of deformation assessment
Summary
Jeddah city is located on the Red Sea coastline, in the west side of Al Hijaz region. It is considered as theeconomic and the touristic capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Its old city contains several historical buildings that have their own characters. These buildings take a major place in the collective memory of the Saudi society. They are considered as attractive landmarks for visitors that come from all over the world. Some monuments inside the old city of Jeddah are under deteriorating conditions due to various human and natural factors (climate, disasters...). It is necessary to detect and repair any potential deformation at an early stage to preserve the loss of valuable historical buildings
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