Abstract
The absence of sufficient knowledge of the heterogeneous damage behaviour of textile reinforced composites, especially under combined in-plane and out-of-plane loadings, requires the development of multi-scale experimental and numerical methods. In the scope of this paper, three different types of plain weave fabrics with increasing areal weight were considered to characterise the influence of ondulation and nesting effects on the damage behaviour. Therefore an advanced new biaxial testing method has been elaborated to experimentally determine the fracture resistance at the combined biaxial loads. Methods in image processing of the acquired in-situ CT data and micrographs have been utilised to obtain profound knowledge of the textile geometry and the distribution of the fibre volume content of each type. Combining the derived data of the idealised geometry with a numerical multi-scale approach was sufficient to determine the fracture resistances of predefined uniaxial and biaxial load paths. Thereby, Cuntze’s three-dimensional failure mode concept was incorporated to predict damage and failure. The embedded element method was used to obtain a structured mesh of the complex textile geometries. The usage of statistical and visualisation methods contributed to a profound comprehension of the ondulation and nesting effects.
Highlights
Reducing carbon emissions is one of today’s most important tasks in engineering applications.By 2050 the aim of European Commission according to the Paris Agreement is to cut greenhouse gas emissions—in particular, the fraction of carbon dioxide by 80% below 1990 levels in the few years [1]—hereby reducing the structural weight of trains, cars, airplanes, etc., which is one of the key factors in reaching that goal
It can be assumed that the resultant stress effort is mostly governed by accumulation of failure modes (FM) regarding an IFF at a multi-axial load combination [44]
In this paper, advanced experimental and numerical methods are presented, which are capable of identifying the influence of textile reinforcement at combined in-plane and out-of-plane load on the failure and damage behaviour
Summary
Reducing carbon emissions is one of today’s most important tasks in engineering applications.By 2050 the aim of European Commission according to the Paris Agreement is to cut greenhouse gas emissions—in particular, the fraction of carbon dioxide by 80% below 1990 levels in the few years [1]—hereby reducing the structural weight of trains, cars, airplanes, etc., which is one of the key factors in reaching that goal. Materials 2020, 13, 4772 replacing steel reinforcements by lignin-based carbon fibre reinforced thermosets [3] or the retrofitting of masonry structures with carbon fibre meshes [4,5], the transportation industry with, for example, hybrid fibre reinforced thermoplastic hollow drive-shafts [6], up to high-performance applications in the aviation and space industry. In the these industries, where weight is the most influencing factor regarding economic and ecological improvements, advanced materials such as textile reinforced composites are already standard [7]. Generic applications—e.g., fan-blades of a jet-engine or structural parts of the fuselage of an airplane, such as stringers—are to be mentioned
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