Determination of the role of aerobic and anaerobic training at different altitude on hypoxia-induced factor 1, hemoglobin, iron, erythropoietin, hepcidin, and nitric oxide.

This study aims to identify the effects of exercise type on estrogen, tumor markers, immune function, antioxidant function, and physical fitness in postmenopausal obese women. The subjects were 30 post-menopausal obese women with body fat percentage higher than 30%. Participants were divided into aerobic exercise group (n=10; age, 53.70±3.37 years), resistance exercise group (n=10; age, 52.20±2.15 years), and control group (n=10; age, 52.50±2.68 years). Estrogen and growth hormone showed no significant difference in the aerobic exercise group, resistance exercise group, and control group. Tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein was increased in the aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and control groups (P<0.01). The metabolic syndrome risk factor was decreased in the aerobic and resistance exercise groups, which was shown by the reduction of weight (P<0.001), body fat percentage (P<0.001), waist circumference (P<0.05), and increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P<0.001). natural killer cell activity was increased in the aerobic exercise group, resistance exercise group, and control group (P<0.001). Oxidative stress was decreased in the aerobic exercise group, resistance exercise group, and control group (P<0.001). Maximum oxygen uptake was increased in the aerobic and resistance exercise groups, but aerobic exercise was more effective (P<0.05). Knee isokinetic extensor muscle was increased in both the aerobic and resistance exercise groups (P<0.001). Aerobic and resistance exercise of postmenopausal obese women can be considered an effective intervention program to prevent metabolic syndrome and improve physical fitness.

The intricate interplay between physical exercise, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism has garnered considerable attention, particularly in the context of energy balance and overall metabolic health. Studies comparing which exercise has the most beneficial effects on mitochondrial activity and lipid metabolism are still scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effects of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on mitochondrial activity and biogenesis, as well as lipid metabolism, in healthy young adults. Eighteen subjects (young male adults) were randomly divided into two groups: anaerobic exercise group (n=9) and aerobic exercise group (n=9) for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after training and the whole blood was separated into leucocyte cells and plasma. Lysate from leucocyte cells was used for the measurement of mitochondrial function, including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), and ATP levels. Blood plasma was used for the measurement of lipid metabolism, including HDL cholesterol, adiponectin, and free fatty acids levels. This study demonstrated that SDH activity increases significantly after aerobic exercise (122%) compared to before exercise, although it is not supported by the results of PGC-1a and ATP levels. This may be because these parameters are measured in the blood (leukocyte cells). Adiponectin levels increase significantly after anaerobic exercise (43.8%) while free fatty acid levels increase significantly after aerobic exercise (104%) compared to before exercise. The results of HDL cholesterol levels found a tendency to increase both after aerobic (12%) and anaerobic exercise (10%) compared to before exercise. We conclude that aerobic exercise gives the best impact on increasing mitochondrial activity systemically (significantly increasing SDH activity), supported by the significant increase in free fatty acid levels in the blood, which reflects that lipolysis is increased.

Introduction: Oxidative stress plays important roles in pathophysiology of atherosclerotic disease. However, little is known about the effects of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on the oxidant offense and antioxidant defense systems in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that combined aerobic and resistance exercise training decrease oxidative stress in patient with CVD. Methods: Thirty-two patients with CVD refer to in-hospital cardiac rehabilitation were divided to aerobic exercise (AE) group (n=15) and combined aerobic and resistance exercise (AE+RE) group (n=17). AE sessions consisted of 50 minutes of exercise (anaerobic threshold level), 5 days/week during training period (mean 27 days). Resistance exercise (30% of 1-repetition maximum) was performed 3 days/week before AE sessions. Serum reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were measured using the FRAS4 (Diacron International, Italy) before and after training period. BAP/d-ROMs ratio was used as an indicator of oxidative stress. Results: No significant differences in baseline values of age, body mass index, exercise tolerance and BAP/d-ROMs ratio were observed between the AE+RE group and the AE group. After training period, exercise tolerance (the AE group: 5.1 ± 1.0 to 5.6 ± 1.0 METs, p&lt;0.01, the AE+RE group: 5.1 ± 1.1 to 5.7 ± 1.0 METs, p&lt;0.01) were significantly increased in both groups. In the AE+RE group, d-ROMs decreased and BAP significantly increased (2173 ± 268 to 2338 ± 182, p&lt;0.05). Consequently BAP/d-ROMs ratio significantly increased (7.3 ± 1.5 to 8.9 ± 3.1, p&lt;0.05) after training period. In the AE group, d-ROMs significantly decreased (374 ± 61 to 347 ± 61, p&lt;0.05), and BAP trends to decreased (2389 ± 201 to 2279 ± 189, p&lt;0.1). Consequently BAP/d-ROMs ratio did not significantly change after training period. BAP/d-ROMs ratio in the AE+RE group were significantly higher than those in the AE group (8.9 ± 3.1 vs 6.8 ± 1.3, p&lt;0.05) after training period. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that combined aerobic and resistance exercise training decrease oxidative stress by augmenting antioxidant potential in patients with CVD.

BACKGROUND Physical exercise is strongly associated with the release of β-endorphin. It is assumed that the type and intensity of physical exercise contributes to the release of β-endorphin. This study aimed to compare levels of β-endorphin in brain tissue in response to aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise. METHODS This study was an experimental laboratory study using 35 male Wistar rats divided into one control group and two physical exercise treatment groups: aerobic and anaerobic. Physical exercise was conducted on an animal treadmill running at aspeed of 20 m/min for 30 min of aerobic exercise and 35 m/min with 1-min intervals every 5 min for 20 min for anaerobic exercises. Each aerobic and anaerobic exercise group was furtherly classified into three subgroups (1×/week, 3×/week, and 7×/week). β-endorphin levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were analyzed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The highest mean of β-endorphin level was found in the weekly exercise (54.45 [1.41] pg/ml) of aerobic exercise group and daily exercise (70.50 [11.67] pg/ml) of anaerobic exercise group. Mean of β-endorphin level in control group was 33.34 (3.54) pg/ml. A significant increased of β-endorphin mean level (p&lt;0.001) was found in all aerobic and anaerobic exercise groups except the aerobic exercise 7×/week group(37.37 [6.30] pg/ml) compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Both aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise conducted for 6 weeks could increase the level of β-endorphin in brain tissue.

We tested the hypotheses that prior aerobic (Study 1) or anaerobic (Study 2) exercise attenuates the increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR) during sympathetic stimulation. Ten healthy young adults (5 females) participated in both Study 1 (aerobic exercise) and Study 2 (anaerobic exercise). In Study 1, subjects completed three minutes of face cooling pre- and post- 30 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise (68 ± 1% estimate maximal heart rate). In Study 2, subjects completed two minutes of the cold pressor test pre- and post- the completion of a 30 s maximal effort cycling test (Wingate Anaerobic Test). Both face cooling and the cold pressor test stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and elevate RVR. The primary dependent variable in both Studies was renal blood velocity, which was measured at baseline and every minute during sympathetic stimulation. Renal blood velocity was measured via the coronal approach at the distal segment of the right renal artery with pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound. RVR was calculated from the quotient of mean arterial pressure and renal blood velocity. In Study 1, renal blood velocity and RVR did not differ between pre- and post- aerobic exercise (P ≥ 0.24). Face cooling decreased renal blood velocity (P < 0.01) and the magnitude of this decrease did not differ between pre- and post- aerobic exercise (P = 0.52). RVR increased with face cooling (P < 0.01) and the extent of these increases did not differ between pre- and post- aerobic exercise (P = 0.74). In Study 2, renal blood velocity was 2 ± 2 cm/s lower post- anaerobic exercise (P = 0.02), but RVR did not differ (P = 0.08). The cold pressor test decreased renal blood velocity (P < 0.01) and the magnitude of this decrease did not differ between pre- and post- anaerobic exercise (P = 0.26). RVR increased with the cold pressor test (P < 0.01) and the extent of these increases did not differ between pre- and post- anaerobic exercise (P = 0.12). These data indicate that 30 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise or 30 s of maximal effort anaerobic exercise does not affect the capacity to increase RVR during sympathetic stimulation following exercise.

Background: This study was aimed to evaluate the structural changes of the ventricular myocardium in a physiological hypertrophic heart model due to long term aerobic and anaerobic physical training and detraining. Methods: In-vivo experimental study on Wistar rats (8 weeks old), weighing 150-250 grams who were divided into 3 large groups: control group, aerobic exercise group and anaerobic exercise group. Aerobic and anaerobic training were conducted for 4 and 12 weeks. At the end of 4 and 12 weeks of exercising, half of each exercising group was sacrificed to study the morphological and histopathological changes in myocardial structure. The remaining of the groups were given a period of 4 weeks of detraining and sacrificed at the end of the 8th and 16th week. Results: Significant differences in heart weight and left ventricular wall thickness was found in the 4 weeks of aerobic and anaerobic group compared to the control group (751.0 ± 36.5 gr and 791.1 ± 15.8 gr vs 588 ± 19.4 gr ), (3.34 ± 0.12 mm and 3.19 ± 0.1 mm vs 2.80 ± 0.07 mm). An increase in heart mass weight was observed in both 12 weeks aerobic and anaerobic training group compared to the control group (1030.8 ± 82.4 gr and 1140.4 + 0.24 gr vs 871.6 ± 62.0 gr). Heart volume of the 12 weeks aerobic-anaerobic groups showed a significant increase (3.58 ± 0.31 mm and 4.04 ± 0.30 mm) compared to the control group (2.82 ± 0.14 mm). The length of cardiomyocyte was in log 10 to normalize the data. There was a significant increase in the length of the cardiac muscle cells of the 4 weeks aerobic and anaerobic group (1.09± 0.08 µm and 1.00± 0.12 µm) compared with the control group (0.73± 0.1 µm). Width of heart muscle cells in the 4 weeks aerobic-anaerobic group showed a significant increase when compared to the control group (5.38± 1.3 µm and 5.5± 2.11 µm) vs (2.74± 0.53 µm). Significant reduction in the length of cardiac muscle cells in the detrained 4 weeks aerobic group (0.94± 0.08 µm) was found when compared to the treatment group (1.09± 0.08 µm). Significant differences were found between the length of cardiac muscle cells in the 12 weeks aerobic-anaerobic groups (1.3± 0.04 µm and 1.2± 0.07 µm) compared to the control group (0.95± 0.69 µm). Significant width increments of heart muscle cells was found in the 12 weeks aerobic-anaerobic groups (7.3± 1.01 µm and 6.44± 0.08 µm) compared to the control group (4.52 ± 0.91 µm). Conclusion: Long term aerobic and anaerobic training causes an increase in both wall thickness and diameter of the leftÂ&nbsp; ventricular cavity, as well as slight fibrosis. The increase in wall thickness, diameter, and fibrosis diminish during detraining period. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:271-7)

BackgroundWe explored the potential synergistic effects of combining multisession anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) with chronic aerobic exercise (AE) on food cravings (FC), impulsivity (IMP), risky decision-making (RDM), and cognitive flexibility (CF) in women with overweight or obesity exhibiting food craving symptoms.MethodsThirty-six women with overweight or obesity and symptoms of food craving (age: 26±6,4 years) were randomly allocated into three groups using permuted block randomization (n = 12 each): (1) a-tDCS + AE, (2) Sham + AE, and (3) Control (no intervention). During Phase 1, the a-tDCS + AE group received five consecutive sessions of a-tDCS, while the Sham + AE group received sham tDCS. In Phase 2, both the a-tDCS + AE and Sham + AE groups completed three sessions of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise per week for four weeks. Outcome measures, including food cravings (FC) and cognitive flexibility (CF), were assessed at baseline, after five days of tDCS, and after four weeks of AE. Follow-up measurements for FC and CF were also conducted one month post-intervention.ResultsFC was lower in the a-tDCS + AE group compared to Sham + AE and Control groups in Phase 1 (Cohen’s d = 1.4 and 1.9, respectively). In Phase 2, a-tDCS + AE and Sham + AE groups showed lower FC than the Control group (d = 3.8 and d = 2.8, respectively), and a-tDCS + AE also showed a lower FC compared to the Sham + AE group (d = 1.5). FC remained lower in the a-tDCS + AE group compared to Sham + AE and Control groups at follow-up (d = 1.7 and d = 2.4, respectively). CF was higher in the a-tDCS + AE compared to Sham + AE and Control groups (d = 2.1 and d = 1.4, respectively) and in the sham + AE (d = 1.0) compared to control in Phase 2. At follow-up, CF was higher only in the a-tDCS + AE group compared to the Control (d = 1.2). IMP scores were higher in the a-tDCS + AE group compared to the other groups in Phases 1 (d = 1.0 and d = 1.4) and 2 (d = 5.4 and d = 1.9). RDM was higher in the a-tDCS + AE compared to the Control group in phase 2 (d = 1.3).ConclusionsMultisession a-tDCS combined with four weeks of moderate AE synergistically reduces food cravings and improves related variables to a greater extent than AE alone, with sustained effects, in women with overweight or obesity and symptoms of food craving.Trial registrationThis study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT id: IRCT20210617051606N7; Registration date: 04.02.2023).

Background: Exercise increases the need for oxygen to generateATP through oxidative phosphorylation. If the high energy demand during exercise is not balanced by sufficient oxygen supply, hypoxia occurs in skeletal muscle tissue leading to upregulation ofhypoxia inducible factor-1α (RIF-1α). The activity of RIF-1α increases the expression ofvarious genes in order to reduce the metabolic dependence on oxygen and to increase oxygen supply to the tissue, e.g., VEGF which plays a role in angiogenesis. In myocardium, it is unlcear whether exercise leads to hypoxia and whether HIF -1α and VEGF play a role in the mechanism of hypoxic adaptation. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of HIF -1α and VEGF in heart muscle tissue of rats during aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Methods: A rat treadmill was used with a specific exercise program for 1,3,7 and 10 days. The concentrations of RIF-1α and VEGF were measured the myocardium. Results: Both, HIF-1α protein and VEGF were increased (p < 0.05) in the groups with aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Concentrations of RIF -1α were highest on the first day of activity, being higher in the anaerobic than in the aerobic group (156.8 ± 33.1 vs. 116.03 ± 5.66). Likewise, the highest concentration ofVEGF in the group with anaerobic exercise occurred on the first day (36.37 ± 2:35), while in the aerobic group, VEGF concentration was highest on day 3 (40.66 ± 1.73). The correlation between the myocardial tissue consentrations of RIF-1α and VEGF is moderate (r = 0.59) in the aerobic group and strong in the anaerobic group (r = 0.69). Conclusion: Aerobic and anaerobic exercise increase RIF -1α and VEGF concentrations in rat myocardium in specific pattems. The anaerobic condition triggers vascularization stronger and obviously earlier than aerobic exercise. Keywords: Exercise, HIF-1α, myocardium, VEGF

Wound healing acceleration in inflammation phase of post-tooth extraction after aerobic and anaerobic exercise

Background and Objectives: Exercises bring about health. Therefore, knowing what kind of exercise is more effective in individuals’ spirituals health indices is important. Thus, the present study aims at comparing the impact of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on the level of depression, anxiety, stress, and happiness of nonathletic male students. Methods: In this clinical trial study, sample included the nonathletic male students of Zahedan Azad University in 2014. 90 students were selected through convenience sampling and they were divided randomly into two experimental groups (aerobic and anaerobic) and one control group. The aerobic group must do aerobic exercises and the anaerobic group must do anaerobic exercises for a period of 10 weeks (3 sessions a week, each lasted for 60 minutes). The data were collected using DASS-21 questionnaire for measuring the level of depression, anxiety and stress, and Oxford OHI questionnaire for measuring the amount of happiness before and after the intervention. The results were analyzed using statistical tests of MANCOVA in SPSS-13. Results: The results showed that in both aerobic and anaerobic groups the mean score of depression, anxiety, stress and happiness improved after treatment. However, the improve in the mean score of anxiety, stress and happiness was more apparent in the anaerobic group. The results also showed that only stress and happiness resulted in a significant difference in different groups. Conclusions: Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises result in reduction of stress and Anxiety. So it seems necessary to include such exercises in students’ daily schedule.

BACKGROUNDObesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our previous studies demonstrated that microvascular flow‐induced dilation (FID) is reduced in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compared to subcutaneous AT (SAT) in morbidly obese subjects. Recent studies showed that VAT accumulation is more predictive of impaired vascular function than SAT. In the current study, we examine the differential effect of aerobic exercise (AE) training on improving the FID in SAT versus VAT microvessels in morbid obesity.METHODSWe obtained SAT and VAT biopsies from obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery (n=6 and recruitment is ongoing; age: 35±3 yrs; BMI: 46±3 kg/m2; SBP: 114±6 mmHg; DBP: 80±7 mmHg) who were randomized to two groups (n=3 each): (1) AE training group (75% HRmax, 60 min/d, 2–3 d/wk, 4 wks) and (2) non‐exercising (control) group. Arterioles were isolated from SAT and VAT biopsies and cannulated for reactivity measurements in response to flow (pressure gradients of Δ10–Δ100 cmH2O) with and without the nitric oxide (NO) synthase (L‐NAME; 10−4 mol/L), PEGylated catalase (PEG‐Cat; 500 U/ml), or the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, Tempol (10−5 mol/L). NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured in the arterioles using NO detection dye and cell‐permeant ROS indicator (H2DCFDA).RESULTSFollowing training the AE group demonstrated reductions in BMI (−3%, p=0.03) and resting systolic BP (−4%, p=0.1). FID was higher in the AE than the control group across all pressure gradients (20–35% higher, p&lt;0.05). The FID of VAT arterioles was reduced compared to SAT arterioles in both the AE and control groups. L‐NAME and PEG‐Cat reduced the FID (% of dilation at Δ60 pressure gradient) in the SAT arterioles in the AE group (L‐NAME: −18%, p=0.1; PEG‐Cat: −44%, p&lt;0.001) and to a relatively lower extent in the control group (L‐NAME: −11%, p=0.1; PEG‐Cat: −29%, p=0.01). FID in the VAT arterioles was reduced in response to L‐NAME and PEG‐Cat (−14%, p=0.004; −38%, p=0.01, respectively) in the AE group however, no changes were detected in VAT arterioles from the control group. Tempol improved FID in the SAT and VAT arterioles; a higher magnitude of increase was noted in the control group (49%, p=0.01) compared to the AE group (16%, p=0.046) and in the VAT arterioles (49%, p=0.01) compared to the SAT arterioles (14%, p=0.02). Furthermore, the sensitivity of VAT arterioles to PEG‐Cat was induced by Tempol. PEG‐Cat reduced the FID in Tempol‐treated VAT arterioles by 47% and 35% (p&lt;0.001) in the control and AE groups, respectively indicating that Tempol‐induced FID improvements in VAT arterioles may indicate an increased H2O2 production. Under flow conditions, NO‐fluorescence was greater and ROS generation lower in SAT arterioles compared to VAT arterioles and in the AE group compared to the control group.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that 1) VAT arterioles display reduced vasodilator reactivity to flow compared to SAT arterioles and 2) AE training improves the FID in both SAT and VAT arterioles via NO and H2O2 dependent mechanisms.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Objective: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas which has vasodilator, antioxidant and metabolic regulator features. The positive effect of aerobic exercise is well known on the production of NO in healthy men. However, the effects of chronic anaerobic exercise on blood NO levels remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of both chronic aerobic and anaerobic exercise on basal serum nitric oxide (BSNO) levels, and the relationships between BSNO and some aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters. Material and Methods: Three groups participated in the present study, each of them was composed of 11 healthy men with similar physical characteristics. The groups consisted of volleyball players as the anaerobic group (AnG), swimmers as the aerobic group (AeG) with long-term exercise background and volunteers who did not exercise regularly as the control group (CG). BSNO (as total nitrite) analysis was determined in fasting venous blood by using Griess method. Mean power and peak power as the criteria of anaerobic performance were determined by using Wingate test, and lactate minimum speed (LMS) was determined as the criterion of aerobic endurance with the LMS test based on lactate elimination. Finger tip lactate measurements were taken during certain segments of LMS test. Results: The BSNO value of the AeG was significantly higher compared to the CG (90.34 vs. 74.39 µM), but it was not different from that of the AnG (80.02 µM). No significant relationships were observed between the BSNO and LMS values in any group. The LMS value of the AeG was significantly greater than that in the CG (11.59 vs. 10.27 km/h). Peak power (13.11 vs. 9.84 w/kg) and mean power (8.55 vs. 7.36 w/kg) were significantly greater in the AnG compared to the AeG. A positive correlation was found between BSNO in the AeG and peak power (r=0.648, p=0.031) in the AeG. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that regular aerobic exercise may improve blood NO levels while anaerobic exercise does not; nevertheless, NO may play a role in both aerobic and anaerobic adaptations to exercise.

Introduction and Purpose: One of the causes of Cardiovascular Disease Is Physical inactivity and consuming oxidant foods. Therefore, the purpose of present study is evaluating the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise with the using melatonin on VEGFA and VEGFA2 gene expression of rats after reperfusion ischemia. Methods:38 Wistar male rats aged between 2 to 3 month and weighing from 200 to 260 grams, were divided into seven groups including, pilot(n=14), control (n=4), Melatonin(n=4), Aerobic Exercise(n=4), anaerobic Exercise(n=4), melatonin Aerobic Exercise(n=4) and melatonin anaerobic Exercise(n=4). The pilot group was divided into two groups of ischemia and healthy for confirmation of myocardial fibrosis. Melatonin groups were gavaged by 10 mg per kg of body weight for one month. and then Aerobic Exercise group, anaerobic Exercise, melatonin Aerobic Exercise, and melatonin anaerobic Exercise Were placed under the one-month training period such that the exercise was three times a week on the treadmill. At the end of one month, all rats were injected with isoprenaline for two consecutive days with an interval of 24 hours for induction of ischemia. Finally, the VEGFA and VEGFA2 gene expression was done using Real-time method. Results of the research were analyzed using 2^(-∆∆ct)formula, and one way variance Analysis test of ANOVA, Loon and Tuky. Findings: Aerobic Exercise and Anaerobic Exercise treatment separately, had an increasing effect on VEGFA and VEGFR2 gene expression, separatelybut their impact was not statistically significant. Other groups, except melatonin, also increased the expression of these genes. Melatonin could reduce the expression of the VEGFA and VEGFR2 gene. Conclusion: Long-term aerobic and anaerobic exercise, if fitted, can reduce the amount of myocardial infarction.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of sequence of aerobic and resistance exercise on free fatty acids, epinephrine, testosterone, and IGF-1. 7 healthy adult males, the subjects of this research, performed both resistance exercise after aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise after resistance exercise. V?O2max of all the subjects was measured through treadmil test, and they performed aerobic exercise for 30 minutes using treadmil at the intensity of 65% of V?O2max. They also performed resistance exercise using weight machine. They did 80%1RM × 8~10 rep × 3set with one-minute rest between each set. Resistance after aerobic subjects had their blood sample all 4 times: before aerobic exercise, after aerobic exercise, after resistance exercise, and at 30-minute in the recovery; The aerobic after resistance subjects did their blood sample all 4 times: before resistance exercise, after resistance exercise, after aerobic exercise, and at 30-minute in the recovering period. Data were analyzed using SPSS PC 20.0. The Data were analyzed by One-way repeated ANOVA. Scheffe were used as a Post-Hoc test. Statistical significance level was a=.05. As a result of this study are as follows. First, the FFA are significant for resistance exercise after aerobic exercise group(p=.028). That is, FFA significantly increased after aerobic exercise and then decreased during 30-minute in the recovering stage; the coefficients on FFA are not significant for aerobic exercise after resistance exercise group(p=.415). Second, the coefficients of epinephrine are significant for resistance exercise after aerobic exercise group(p=.012); increased epinephrine resistance after exercise decreased during 30-minute in the recovering stage; the coefficients of epinephrine are not statistically significant for aerobic exercise after resistance exercise group(p=.112). Third, testosterone are significant for aerobic exercise after resistance exercise group(p=.004); increased testosterone due to resistance exercise decreased after aerobic exercise during 30-minute in the recovering stage. However, we can see that the coefficients of testosterone are not statistically significant in case of resistance exercise after aerobic exercise group(p=.074). Fourth, we can find that the coefficients on IGF-1 are statistically significant for both aerobic after resistance exercise(p=.000) and resistance exercise after aerobic groups(p=.000); the coefficients on IGF-1 are not significant after aerobic exercise, but they are significantly increased after resistance exercise for both. In conclusion, resistance exercise after aerobic exercise is likely to have a significant effect on FFA and epinephrine; aerobic exercise after resistance exercise look to affect testosterone and IGF-1. Accordingly, based on the research findings we can find that it is important to decide the order of exercise between aerobic exercise and resistance exercise depending on the purposes fat metabolism or protein synthesis of exercise.

Importance:Little evidence exists on which exercise modality is optimal for obese adolescents. Objective: To determine the effects of aerobic training, resistance training, and combined training on percentage body fat in overweight and obese adolescents.Design, Setting, and Participants:Randomized, parallel-group clinical trial at community-based exercise facilities in Ottawa (Ontario) and Gatineau (Quebec), Canada, among previously inactive postpubertal adolescents aged 14-18 years (Tanner stage IV or V) with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex or at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular risk factor. Interventions: After a 4-week run-in period, 304 participants were randomized to the following 4 groups for 22 weeks: aerobic training (n = 75), resistance training (n = 78), combined aerobic and resistance training (n = 75), or nonexercising control (n = 76). All participants received dietary counseling, with a daily energy deficit of 250 kcal.Main Outcomes and Measures:The primary outcome was percentage body fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 6 months. We hypothesized that aerobic training and resistance training would each yield greater decreases than the control and that combined training would cause greater decreases than aerobic or resistance training alone.Results:Decreases in percentage body fat were −0.3 (95% CI, −0.9 to 0.3) in the control group, −1.1 (95% CI, −1.7 to −0.5) in the aerobic training group (p = .06 vs. controls), and −1.6 (95% CI, −2.2 to −1.0) in the resistance training group (p = .002 vs controls). The −1.4 (95% CI, −2.0 to −0.8) decrease in the combined training group did not differ significantly from that in the aerobic or resistance training group. Waist circumference changes were −0.2 (95% CI, −1.7 to 1.2) cm in the control group, −3.0 (95% CI, −4.4 to −1.6) cm in the aerobic group (p = .006 vs controls), −2.2 (95% CI −3.7 to −0.8) cm in the resistance training group (p = .048 vs controls), and −4.1 (95% CI, −5.5 to −2.7) cm in the combined training group. In per-protocol analyses (&gt; 70% adherence), the combined training group had greater changes in percentage body fat (-2.4, 95% CI, −3.2 to −1.6) vs the aerobic group (-1.2; 95% CI, −2.0 to −0.5; p = .04 vs the combined group) but not the resistance group (-1.6; 95% CI, −2.5 to −0.8).Conclusions and Relevance:Aerobic, resistance, and combined training reduced total body fat and waist circumference in obese adolescents. In more adherent participants, combined training may cause greater decreases than aerobic or resistance training alone.