Determination of carbonyls and size-segregated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and their nitro and alkyl analogs in emissions from diesel–biodiesel-ethanol blends

Abstract

This study characterizes carbonyls (RCHO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their nitrated (nitro-PAHs) and alkylated (alkyl-PAHs) in particulate matter in the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. The measurements were made with a standard engine, often found in vans used in Brazil, fueled with pure commercial diesel and mixtures of 10, 20, and 30% biodiesel with 2, 4, and 6% of ethanol. Particulate matter sampling was carried out with a 10-stage cascade impactor. Chemical analyses for PAHs and their derivatives were conducted using gas phase chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RCHO were sampled using impingers with 2,4-DNPH and analyzed using HPLC with UV detection. The results showed that emissions of all the PAHs and their derivatives were reduced with the use of biodiesel and ethanol, with the exception of the blend of 30% biodiesel with 4% ethanol. However, all the RCHO emissions increased with biodiesel and ethanol. High correlations were observed between the emissions of PAHs, alkyl-PAHs and nitro-PAHs, which suggests a similarity in the formation mechanisms of these compounds. All PAHs' emissions have a strong negative correlation with biodiesel content and with RCHO emissions and a medium correlation with ethanol content. In contrast, biodiesel and ethanol with the RCHO emissions lead to a positive correlation coefficient of these compounds which is more pronounced for biodiesel than ethanol.